6.3 The Roman Republic becomes less republican and less virtuous

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6.3 The Roman Republic becomes less republican
and less virtuous
Fasces
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Despite winning Punic Wars, Rome also suffered
setbacks

• Returning veterans often had to sell farms when
  they returned
• Latifundia
• Slaves became more popular
• SPARTACUS revolt put down! 73-71BC
• Gathers 100,000 slaves!
• Several armies fail
• 6000 Crucified

Pompey gets credit, though Crassus is real victor
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A problem Growing gap between rich and poor

• Patrician corruption grew
• Senators had Greek slaves run businesses
• Army officers focused on triumphs to show off
  booty
• Exotic foods and fabrics came pursuit of luxury

What has happened to the idea of gravitas?
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A new class of urban landless poor or
___________ grew among the Punic War veterans

• ?Why is this a big problem?

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Political rivalry settled by fighting

• Gracchus brothers
• Tribune Tiberius wanted reforms 133BC such as
• Distribute land to landless veterans
• Limit size of latifundia
• Tiberius (and later Tribune Gaius) will suffer
  similar fatesdeath by Senators!

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• Essay Question
• Which factor(s) or people or events should bear
  the greatest portion of responsibility for the
  end of the Roman Republic and the start of one
  man rule? Why?
• 2-3 page typed essay due Monday 100 pts
• 12 pt font, double spaced, 1 inch margins

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Politicians break into two parties
Optimates
Populares
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Consul Marius (Populares Party) broke Traditions
of Roman Republic

• Elected consul in 107BC, then served 6
  consecutive terms, 105-100BC.
• Legionairres Property Qualification
• Equipment provided
• Promise of booty
• Allegiance to army general more than to Roman
  Republic
• Created large standing professional army of
  proletariat class.

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More traditions broken when Sulla (Optimates
Party) emerged as a rival

• Early on, (91BC) together they fought Italian
  allies uprising in Social War
• Rome gave in and gave all Italians full Roman
  citizenship
• Consul Sullas army attacked Marius supporters
  in Rome
• Tradition of no armies in city is broken
• Marius fights with gladiator army!
• Sulla defeats Mariustemporarily

Sulla Surviving Bust
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Marius (P) elected Consul during Sullas (O)
absence

• Sulla left to fight in Asia
• Marius returned to Rome to quell unrest elected
  consul
• Marius died suddenly
• Sulla returned to Rome
• Sulla enticed some Marius men with material
  rewards
• Slaughtered most Marius loyalists
• But young Julius Caesar escaped

Marius
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Sulla continued to Break Roman Traditions

• Senate elected him Dictator for life
• Butthen left job after 4 years!

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Julius Caesar was a Populares Party member

• Successful patrician family
• Charismatic
• Bribed Sullas men to spare his life
• Was once captured by pirates, kept himself alive
• Good speaker
• Threw lavish parties to win affections
• Appeals to poor with entertainments
• Elected supreme priest
• Earns support of rich Crassus who helps him
  become governor of Spain

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First Triumvirate formed in 60BCE as a political
alliance
Julius Caesar

• Caesar served 1 year as consul 59BC
• Meanwhile, Crassus and Pompey put down Spartacus
  revolt
• Pompey and Crassus elected as co-consuls in 70BC
  and later 55BC
• Afterward,
• Pompey returned to rank of general
• Crassus a senator

Crassus
Pompey
Also called The 3-Headed Monster, by their
enemies.
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Caesar Impresses Romans with his Victories in Gaul

• 10 years
• Pushed army hard
• Strategically prevented Celts from uniting their
  tribes
• Caesars army killed 1/3 of enemy
• Sent home journal Commentaries on Gallic Wars

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"Vercingetorix Throws his Arms at Caesar's Feet"
by Lionel-Noel Royer, 1899.
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Caesars popularity hurt the Triumvirate

• 50 BCE - Consul Pompey and the Senate ordered
  Caesar to disband his army and return
• 49BCE - Rubicon River
• Pompey fled to Greece
• Battle of Pharsalus Caesar wins
• Pompey escaped but beheaded in Egypt by 15 yr old
  Pharoah

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Caesar elected dictator for 10yrs

• Made reforms that were popular
• Expanded Senate from 600 to 900
• Ordered latifundia owners to replace 1/3 of
  slaves with paid proletariat workers
• Created public works projects
• Established new colonies for proletariat
• Orders use of more scientific Julian calendar

Caesar was the first Roman leader to put his own
image on coins!!
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Why was Caesar assassinated March 15, 44BC?

• A threat to Roman Republic, according to Brutus
  and Cassius and followers
• WHY?
• Had become too powerful.
• Another factor Caesar had taken foreigner,
  Cleopatra as a lover/wife
• had a son with her
• Had made her queen in Egypt in that province
• E tu, Brute! as he is stabbed.

Next slide Death of Julius Caesarpainting by
Vincenzo Camuccini.
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Second Triumvirate

• Mark Antony, close friend
• Octavian, his adopted son and grandnephew
• Lepidus
• Pushed assembly to grant them power over Senate
• They assemble army against Senators army

Roman coin bearing the portraits of Mark Antony
(left) and Octavian (right). Struck in 41 BC
this coin was issued to celebrate the
establishment of the Second Triumvirate by
Octavian, Antony and Lepidus.
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Octavian and MarkAntony go after Brutus and
Cassius

• The Generals armies face senate armies
• 100 anti-Caesarian republican senators and 2000
  others killed in Rome

Coin commemorates the defeat of Brutus and
Cassius at Battle of Philippi
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2nd Triumvirate Breaks Up

• Jealousy and infighting
• Antony marries Cleopatra
• Antony declares Cleopatras son legal heir to
  Julius Caesar
• He divorced Octavians sister
• Octavian sees Antony as a traitor to Rome
• Antony and Octavian battle at sea, Antony
  defeated at Actium 31BC
• Antony flees to Cleopatras arms
• They separately commit suicide
• Octavian becomes sole ruler

The battle of Actium, by Lorenzo A. Castro, 1672.
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Octavian becomes Augustus

• After defeating Antony and Cleopatra, he is named
  first citizen he saved Rome!
• In 27BC, he is named Augustus a gods title
  most exalted one
• Senate continues to exist but with no real power
• Begins 41 year rule, longest of any emperor

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How did each of these people contribute to the
end of the Republic ?

• Gracchus Brothers (Tiberius and Gaius)
• Marius
• Sulla
• (1st Triumvirate)
• Julius Caesar
• Pompey
• (2nd Triumvirate)
• Mark Antony
• Octavian

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• Essay Question
• Which factor(s) or people or events should bear
  the greatest portion of responsibility for the
  end of the Roman Republic and the start of one
  man rule? Why?
• 2-3 page typed essay due Monday 100 pts
• 12 pt font, double spaced, 1 inch margins

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The thesis must present an argument.

• Can someone reasonably argue the opposite?
• 1. No 3. Yes
• 2.
• Although 1, 2 because of 3.

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7. Critical Thinking The most significant
cause(s) of the end of the Republic and start of
one man rule was/were?

• Veterans losing their lands
• Gap between rich and poor
• Loss of virtues or good morals
• Growth of slavery
• Marius and Sulla their actions and civil war
• The First Triumvirate
• Caesar crossing the Rubicon
• Caesars war with Pompey
• Caesar declared dictator for 10 years
• Octavian seeking revenge for Caesar
• Or..

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6 Tips for Writing a Thesis

• Make it debatable
• Make it one sentence
• Put it at the end of the introduction
• Better Include a why
• Better Include an alternative problem w/o making
  it a contradiction (Although)
• Use Key Words (UKW) from thesis in the body of
  paper, especially topic sentences.