Unit 13 Stress and Therapy

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Unit 13 Stress and Therapy

• Class Presentations

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Stress

• Definition- A persons reaction to his or her
  inability to cope with a certain tense event or
  situation.
• Example- If you have a lot of homework or
  projects and feel overwhelmed you are feeling
  stress.

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Distress

• Definition- Stress that stems from acute anxiety
  or pressure.
• Example- If a person is driving slow in front of
  you and youre in a hurry to get somewhere that
  would be distress.

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Eustress

• Definition- Positive stress, which results from
  motivating strivings and challenges.
• Example- knowing you have a project due and being
  stressed that you haven't done it and then that
  stress motivates you to get it done.

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Unit 13 Stress and Therapy Conflicting
situations

• By Madison Edwards and Ariana Watkins

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Approach-Approach

• Approach-Approach conflict is when an individual
  must choose between two attractive alternatives.
• Approach-Approach Conflict is a psychological
  conflict that results when a choice must be made
  between two desirable alternatives.
• Merriam Webster
• Example Do I want to try-out for basketball or
  history academic team.

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Avoidance-Avoidance

• Avoidance-Avoidance conflict occurs when an
  individual confronts two unattractive
  alternatives.
• Avoidance-Avoidance conflict is a psychological
  conflict that results when a choice must be made
  between two undesirable alternatives Medline Plus
• Example Should I get a job at McDonalds or
  Burger King.

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Approach-Avoidance

• Definition A type of conflict situation in which
  the individual wants to do something but fears or
  dislikes it at the same time. (P.415)
• Examples You are invited to a party but your
  stomach is pain. You really like parties but you
  are afraid your pain my get worse later on that
  night.

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Double Approach-Avoidance

• Definition Choose between two or more
  alternatives, each of which has attractive and
  unattractive aspects. (P.415)
• Examples If a woman wants to work late but also
  wants to meet her friend for dinner. If she works
  late she will finish her project but might have
  to walk home late in the night. Same as the other
  way around.

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Primary Appraisal
Bethany Cole Grayson Harper

• Refers to our immediate evaluation of a
  situation.
• Can we meet the expectations of this situation?
  Can we handle the challenges of this situation?
• 3 ways to appraise a situation- irrelevant,
  positive, and negative.
• Ex Teacher gives a pop quiz, you can evaluate it
  as good and think you can pass, but you can also
  evaluate it as negative because you havent
  looked at your notes.

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Secondary Appraisal

• Deciding how to deal with a stressful situation.
• An individual evaluates the situation and decides
  on a way to cope.
• Ex You evaluate the situation as positive
  because you have looked at your notes, so now you
  decide to just try your best on the quiz.

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Hassles

• Common stressors that are relatively minor and
  occur on a daily basis.
• Ex Being late for class because people were
  standing around in the hallway so you couldnt
  get past.

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Uplifts

• Small positive event that can protect against
  stress.
• Psychologist claim that uplifts have the opposite
  effect of hassles. They reduce stress and protect
  a persons health.

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General Adaptation Syndrome
Rachel Yarbrough and Victoria Lartey
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What is General Adaptation Syndrome?

• General adaptation syndrome is a term used to
  describe the body's short-term and long-term
  reactions to stress.

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Three stages of stress

• Alarm
• Resistance
• Exhaustion

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Alarm

• The alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
  prepares the for fight or flight. This causes
  increase in
• heart rate
• breathing quickly
• muscle tension
• pupil dilation
• Person becomes very alert and sensitive to
  stimuli.

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Example of Alarm

• A hiker who confronts a rattlesnake on a
  mountain trail freezes in his tracks, is suddenly
  aware of every sound around him, and tries not to
  panic.

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Resistance

• In the resistance stage of general adaption
  syndrome a person finds means to cope with the
  stressor.

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Example of Resistance

• The mountain hiker caught in a bad storm can use
  his knowledge of the mountains to shelter himself
  from the storm to keep himself safe.

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Exhaustion

• If exposure to the stressor continues the
  individual reaches the stage of exhaustion. The
  adrenalin of the fight or flight instinct have
  reached their limit and can no longer function.

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Example of Exhaustion

• Man does hard labor all day in the factory
  where he works. He gets over heated and becomes
  delusional.

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Psychologyphysical reactions to stress

• By Caroline Clark and Hannah Hopper

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Physical Reactions to Stress

• The body is able to make many different physical
  reactions to stress. These happen because many
  times the immune system is weakened and makes it
  easier for the spread of infection or disease.
• Example If it is almost exam week and a person
  develops a cold, that cold can be attributed to
  all the stress of preparing for the exams. Their
  body is most likely struggling to keep up their
  immune system.

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What can cause physical reactions to stress?

• Feelings and emotions are two of the main things
  that contribute to changes in your physiological
  body.
• Psychosomatic symptoms are very commonly seen and
  occur because of stress.
• Several psychosomatic symptoms may include
  headaches, stomachaches, muscle pains, or rapid
  heart beat

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Symptoms of Emotional Stress

• Difficulty breathing
• Insomnia
• Sweating
• Dryness of mouth
• Migraines
• Arthritis
• Asthma
• Heart disease
• Stressful situations have the ability to lower a
  persons immune system, making them prone to
  sickness
• Immune system the bodies natural defense against
  infection

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The Immune System
Pathogens attack the bodys cells. The pathogens
begin to grow and multiply causing a weaker
immune system gtgt
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How to Handle Stress

• Avoid caffeine
• Practice deep breathing
• Exercise
• Eat healthy foods
• Dont panic about your loss of sleep (it will
  only make it worse)

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Sources

• http//www.uhs.berkeley.edu/facstaff/pdf/care/Mana
  ging20Physical20Reactions20of20Stress.pdf
• Understanding Psychology text book

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Emotional and Cognitive Reactions to STRESS
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Emotional Reactions
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A child participating in a talent show may be
anxious when they are called to the stage to
perform.
Anxiety

• Is the most common physical reaction to a sudden
  stressor.

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An adult running late for work may become angry
when the driver in front of them is going 5 mph
below the speed limit.
Anger

• Anger occurs often due to repeated frustration.

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A women who is home alone may be frightened to
hear noise from her bathroom.
Fear

• Fear is usually the result of a stimulus
  presenting real or imagined danger.

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Cognitive Reactions To Stress

• Usually difficulty concentrating, thinking
  clearly, and poor decision making.

• Ex. Being so nervous and stressed about a test
  that you cant even settle down and study for it.
• Or being so excited to tell someone something
  that you cant find your phone, or think of their
  number.

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So

• Emotional reactions to stress is how you feel
  when stressed and how your emotions react.
• Cognitive reactions to stress is how your brain
  or you thinking react to good or bad stress.

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Behavioral reactions to stress
Jordan Paige Diana Dominguez
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Short Term Behavoral Changes

• Many short-term behavioral changes that results
  from stress
• Develop nervous habits such as trembling, pacing,
  or smoking
• Shaky voice, tremors, strained expressions, or
  changing in posture

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Cont'd

• May loose interest in eating, grooming, or
  bathing
• Some might tend to over eat
• Some people show aggressions by beating on family
  members

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Positive Behavioral Reactions

• In dangerous situations people will risk their
  own life for others
• Attitudes of cooperation that override individual
  differences and disagreements

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Escape

• Best way to deal with frustration
• If a woman is on a bus that is stuck in traffic
  she might get off and walk to her destination
• Listen to music
• Do your favorite activity

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Severe stress

• Can lead too
• Alcoholism
• Drug Addiction
• Chronic unemployment
• Attempted suicide

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Fight-or-Flight response

• You appraise situation as physically threatening
• Your thoughts activate the hypothalamus
• The sympathetic nervous system stimulates a
  variety of physical responses to prepare the body
  for the stressful situation

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Responses

• Heart rate increases
• Blood pressure increases
• Digestive system shuts down
• Pupils dilate
• Hair stands up on end
• Muscles tense

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Type A B Personalities

• By DeVonda Holmes
• December 5, 2012
• Mrs. Dorman
• 2nd period

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Type A

• Very likely to have coronary artery disease,
  often followed by heart attacks.
• Often affects people in their 30s or 40s.

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Type A

• Always prepared for fight or flight
• Free-floating hostility
• Extremely irritable
• Impatient
• Extremely competitive
• Self-critical

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Type A

• Usually strive towards goals without feeling or
  sense of pride.
• Overreact everything.
• Tend to have high blood pressure
• Constant sense of urgency
• multi-task
• Hard workers

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Type A
NOTE

• Psychologists disagree about the definition of
  Type A personality and its relation to heart
  disease.

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Type B

• People who do not have Type A pattern
• Almost never have heart attacks before the age of
  70.

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Type B

• Relaxed
• Patient
• Do not easily become angry
• Creative
• Imaginative
• Philosophical

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Cited Sources

• http//3.bp.blogspot.com/_YGm0POOKmgM/TRCAI1g1XeI/
  AAAAAAAAATg/cRzkP5npMZU/s1600/T2.gif
• http//www.simplypsychology.org/personality-a.html
  
• http//www.buzzle.com/articles/type-a-personality-
  description.html
• http//www.psych.uncc.edu/pagoolka/typea-b-intro.h
  tml

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Psychological coping strategies

• Dakwan Hughes

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Definition

• The behavioral and cognitive efforts made be
  individuals in attempting to deal with stressful
  situations.

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Summary

• Life is stress stress is life.
• People respond to stress in different ways. Know
  yourself and your signs of over-stress.
• Learning and practicing healthy coping skills
  will help avoid/manage stress emergencies.

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Types of coping

• Positive appraisal reframing a situation to see
  it in a positive light
• Problem-focused or approach coping when efforts
  are directed at solving or managing
• the problem that is causing distress.
• Emotion-focused or avoidant coping coping that
  is directed at managing or reducing emotional
  distress.
• Meaning-focused coping involves searching for
  meaning in adversity and drawing on values,
  beliefs, and goals to modify the meaning given to
  and personal response to a stressful situation

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Active coping strategies

• Anthony Jessen Brandis Price

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Hardiness
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• Def the personality traits of control,
  commitment, and challenge that help us reduce the
  stress we feel.
• Control feeling that we have the ability to
  affect the outcome of the situation.
• Commitment establishing and pursuing our goals
• Challenge we actively confront and solve
  problems instead of feeling threatened and
  powerless because of them
• Ex W61hen confronted with the assignment of
  giving a speech in public, you approach the
  assignment as a positive experience (challenge),
  believe that you can prepare and give a good
  speech (control), and prepare for and practice
  your speech (commitment).

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Controlling Stressful Situations
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There are several ways which we can control
exposure to stressful events and reduce stress
levels.

• Escape or withdrawal, when possible , can be an
  effective coping strategy. When avoiding an event
  is not practical, control its timing
• Having a study schedule to prepare for exams
• Exiting an uncomfortable event
• Hanging out with people who have the same
  interests as you instead of trying to fit-in

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Problem Solving
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• Sometimes neither avoiding or spacing events is
  possible.
• Problem solving involves a rational analysis of
  the situation that will lead to an appropriate
  decision (negative setback into positive
  challenge)
• A senior has an exam on the same day as his
  college application is due, the student may plan
  out the remaining days and complete the
  application while studying for his exam.
• When you have a family issue, instead of ignoring
  it you may go step-by-step to solve it so both of
  you are happy.

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Explanatory Style
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• Martin Seligman (1991) describes two different
  styles of thinking.
• Optimist sees the positive side of things.
• Pessimist always sees the negative side.
• Studies have shown that pessimists usually die
  younger than optimists
• After a hard loss, the optimist will say, what
  happened, happened and look forward to the next
  week. The pessimist will keep dwelling on the
  loss.

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Relaxation
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• Many techniques of relaxation have been developed
  especially to cope with stress.
• Progressive relaxation lying down comfortably
  and tensing then releasing the tension in each
  major muscle group in turn
• Meditation a focusing of attention with the goal
  of clearing ones mind and producing an inner
  peace.
• Both were developed by Dr. Edmond Jacobson.

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• Many techniques of relaxation have been developed
  especially to cope with stress.
• Progressive relaxation lying down comfortably
  and tensing then releasing the tension in each
  major muscle group in turn
• Meditation a focusing of attention with the goal
  of clearing ones mind and producing an inner
  peace.
• Both were developed by Dr. Edmond Jacobson.

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Biofeedback
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• Biofeedback a technique for bringing specific
  body processes, such as blood pressure and muscle
  tension, under a persons conscious control.
• While hooked up to an electronic device
  measurements are taken of specific processes he
  or she wants to regulate which are then played
  back in the form of sound or visual patterns.
• If you want to regulate your blood pressure you
  would need to concentrate on what relaxes your
  body and lowers blood pressure. The visual
  patterns are what allow you to know that its
  working.

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Humor
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• Laughing actually releases the tension of pent-up
  feeling and can help you keep a proper
  perspective of the situation.
• It is common for people to result to laughing in
  very stressful situations.
• A person may break out in hysterical laughter
  during the trying times following the death of a
  loved one. This laughter help to deal with the
  intense emotional pain of a loss.

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Exercise
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• Physical exercise is another constructive way to
  reduce stress.
• Exercise provides an outlet for physical arousal,
  and it may burn off stress hormones.
• Running and swimming are the best ways to both
  lower stress levels and improve cardiovascular
  and respiratory fitness.

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Support groups and professional help
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• Groups that operate beyond ordinary personal
  networks can help people with specific
  stress-related problems.
• Examples
• Alcoholics Anonymous
• Weight Watchers
• Crisis prevention centers

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Training
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• New, unfamiliar, or dangerous situations can
  be stressful because we are unsure we can deal
  with it.
• Training to prepare for such a situation can
  ease the stress.
• Exposure to moderate stressors in a
  relatively safe but challenging environment
  allows a person to gain experience and confidence
  in coping.
• Example
• A person who I nervous about going to a friends
  country club because she does not want to play
  tennis might take a few tennis lessons.

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Improving Interpersonal Skills
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• Developing skills in dealing with others is one
  of the best ways to manage stress.
• Advantages
• Increased self-confidence and self-esteem
• Less chance of loneliness or interpersonal
  conflict
• Development of social support system

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Who Are Therapists?

• Diorah Raimundi
• 2nd Period

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Kinds of Therapists

• Therapist A person trained in methods of
  treatment (bodily, mental, behavioral)
• Psychologists Treatment of psychological
  disorders in hospitals
• Psychiatrists treatment of abnormal behavior,
  prescribes medicine
• Counselors Gives advice

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What Makes A Good Therapist?

• One thats psychologically healthy
• One thats anxious, defensive or withdrawn wont
  see the patients problems clearly
• One that shows empathy
• Needs to be able to give the patient confidence
  that hes caring and understanding
• Empathy capacity for warmth and understanding
• One thats experienced in dealing with people and
  their complexities

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Group Therapies

• Group Therapy patients work together with the
  aid of a leader to resolve interpersonal problems
  
• Gives patients a chance to see how others are
  also struggling with similar problems
• Helps a large number of people at a low cost
• Therapist makes suggestions, clarifies points and
  keeps activities under control

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Family Therapy

• Family Therapy focuses on interactions between
  family members
• Untangles a twisted web of relationships that led
  to emotional suffering
• Therapist points out whats happening from an
  objective viewpoint and suggests ways of
  improving communication and fairness

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Self-Help groups

• Self-Help Groups voluntary groups of people who
  share a problem and are often without the
  involvement of a professional
• Come together to discuss difficulties and
  provides each other with support and possible
  solutions
• Alcoholism, overeating, drug addiction, child
  abuse, ect.
• AA

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Psychoanalysis

• By Victoria Lartey and Rachel Yarbrough

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What is it?

• Psychoanalysis is therapy aimed at making
  patients aware of their unconscious motives so
  that they can gain control of their behavior.
• It is based on the observations that individuals
  are most likely unaware of that influence their
  emotions, relationships and behavior.
• Example Amys father left she and her mother
  soon after she was born. Through the years she
  developed major trust issues towards the opposite
  sex, so much so that every time she was about to
  get married, she would leave the man at the altar
  but couldnt come to terms as to why. The
  therapist would then help her realize that she is
  this way due to what her father did.
  
• 
  

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Where did it come from?

• Based on the theories of Sigmund Freud. According
  to him, psychological disturbances are due to
  anxiety caused by hidden conflicts among the
  unconscious components of ones personality.
• Example Freuds theory of
• personality (previously learned)

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The Purpose of this Therapy

• To help patients aware of the unconscious
  impulses, desires, and fears that are causing the
  anxiety.
• If the patients can understand their unconscious
  motives, they have taken the first step towards
  gaining control and freeing themselves of their
  problems (insight).
• Example Going to a Psychoanalyst
• to know the reason behind your severe
• panic attacks

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Humanistic Therapy

• By Caroline Clark and Hannah Hopper

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What is Humanistic Therapy?

• Humanistic Therapy focuses on the value, dignity,
  and worth of each person healthy living is the
  result of realizing ones full potential.
• This method of therapy works with present (rather
  than past) occurrences and attitudes with a goal
  of client growth and fulfillment.

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Client-Centered Therapy

• Client-Centered Therapy is a type of Humanistic
  Therapy.
• Client-Centered therapists assume that their
  clients are basically good and that they are
  capable of handling their own lives.
• One of the goals in this type of therapy is to
  help the person recognize their own strengths and
  confidence.

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Techniques of Client-Centered Therapy include

• Nondirective Therapy-
• The free flow of images and ideas, with no
  particular direction
• Therapist does not direct the session
• The topic they discuss is entirely up to the
  client

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Cont..

• Active Listening
• Empathetic listening a listener acknowledges,
  restates, and clarifies the speakers thoughts
• Therapist picks out main points in the clients
  rambling explanations
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• A therapist's consistent expression of acceptance
  of the patient, no matter what the patient says
  or does.
• No embarrassment, reservation, or anger
• Example A patient is embarrassed about their
  issue with drug abuse and not being able to
  maintain a job but the therapist accepts them and
  give them only positive feedback.

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Final thoughts

• Client-Centered Therapy has helped make
  therapists aware of the importance of developing
  supportive relationships with their clients.

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Cognitive Therapy

• Lucas Wilson
• Jaraun Brooks

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What is Cognitive Therapy?

• Cognitive Therapy is using thoughts to control
  emotions and behaviors.
• It focuses on changing the way people think.

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Why Use Cognitive Therapy?

• Irrational or uninformed beliefs, expectations,
  ways of thinking can distort our behaviors,
  attitudes, and emotions.
• By changing these patterns of thinking, a person
  can improve their way of life.

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Different Types of Cognitive Therapy

• Rational-Emotive Therapy ( RET)
• Albert Ellis (1973)

• Becks Cognitive Therapy

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Rational-Emotive Therapy

• Helps to change unrealistic assumptions about
  oneself and other people
• For emotional problems involving an individuals
  assumptions being unrealistic
• Goal is to correct these false and self-defeating
  beliefs

• Example A man seeks therapy after a woman leaves
  him because he cant stand the fact that hes
  been rejected. He feels that his life is
  miserable and empty without her. He is demanding
  that the woman must love him and insists that
  things must go his way. In the therapists view,
  the man is causing himself depression by defining
  his feelings as need rather than desire. His
  faulty thinking is based on unreasonable
  attitudes, false premises, and rigid roles for
  behaviors.

Ellis liked to teach that behaviors are the
result of the ABCs. He claimed that it was not
the event that caused trouble, but the way the
person thinks about the event (beliefs).
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RET Continued

• Rejection is unpleasant but not unbearable.
  Since the goal is to correct these false and
  self-defeating beliefs, the therapist will use
  techniques to teach the man to think in realistic
  terms.

• Techniques
• Role Playing allows him to see how his beliefs
  affect his relationships
• Modeling demonstrates other ways of thinking
  and acting
• Humor underlines absurdity of his beliefs
• Homework the man would need to ask woman out
  who are likely to reject him, so that he can cope
  with things not going his way

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Becks Cognitive Therapy

• Aaron T. Beck introduced this form of therapy. It
  is similar to the Rational-Emotive Therapy but
  the main difference is the focus on illogical
  thought processes. Beck has therapists encourage
  clients to engage in test of their own beliefs,
  by using persuasion and logic to change negative
  thinking patterns.

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Becks Cognitive Therapy Continued

• An example is, if a client believes that I never
  have a good time, the therapist might point out
  that this is a hypothesis, not a fact. Then the
  therapist might ask the client to test the
  hypothesis by looking at the evidence differently
  and the times in her life when she actually had a
  good time. The therapist goal is to demonstrate
  that her automatic thinking may be incorrect and
  that things are not as bad as they seem

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Behavioral Therapy

• Changing undesirable behavior through
  conditioning techniques.
• Goal of the therapy is to change a behavior, not
  where the behavior came from.
• There are different ways of behavioral therapy
  such as
• Counterconditioning- pairs stimulus with a new
  desirable behavior. For example, snakes trigger
  the fear of snakes, so the therapists will pair a
  snake with something good to get a better
  behavior.

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Behavioral Therapy

• Modeling- the patient learns by watching another.
• Aversive conditioning- make certain acts
  unpleasant so they will not be repeated.
• Operant conditioning- behavior is either rewarded
  or punished, by adding rewards or taking them
  away, and adding punishment or taking away
  punishment.
• Flooding- therapist exposes the client to feared
  object to the patient.

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Biological Therapy

• Grant Edwards
• Psychology
• Second Period

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Biological Therapy

• Definition uses methods such as medication,
  electric shock, and surgery to help people with
  psychological disorders.

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• Drug Therapy (which is the most widely used
  method) - There are four kinds of drugs that can
  be used
• Antipsychotic drugs (reduces agitation, delusions
  and hallucinations)
• Anti-depressant drugs (relieves depression)
• Lithium (counteracts bipolar disorder) and
• Anti-anxiety drugs (sedatives or mild
  tranquilizers).
• Drugs only treat the symptoms however, they do
  not cure the disorder.

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• Doctors can decide which treatment is appropriate
  for each patient, such as
• Drug Therapy
• Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Psychosurgery

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

• --which is commonly known as shock treatment. It
  is used for severe depression, acute mania and
  some forms of schizophrenia.

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Psychosurgery

• --an operation that destroys part of the brain to
  make the patient calmer and lessens their
  symptoms. A common name for this type of
  operation is called a lobotomy.