Force, Energy, Matter, Motion

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Force, Energy, Matter, Motion

• SOL Review The Last Topic!

TODAYS TOPIC MATTER ATOMIC MODEL
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SOL Test 36 8th Grade Material
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Unequally Distributed
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The Plan
Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Matter Element, Compound, Mixture Solid, Liquid, Gas Acids, Bases Chemical Physical Properties Historical Modern Atomic Structure Periodic Table, Atomic Mass, Groups/Periods, Atomic Number, Metals, Non-Metals, Metalloids, Bonding Chem/Phys Changes Chemical Reactions Types of Energy Energy Transformations Heat Force Motion Electricity Magnetism Sound Light
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Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into any
other substances by chemical or physical means
Can be found on the periodic table Each of these
has a SPECIFIC number of what???
PROTONS!
What are some examples of elements?

• Aluminum Foil
• Helium
• Fluorine
• Carbon
• Chlorine

• Gold
• Iron
• Calcium
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen

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Compound
A molecule made up of atoms from at least two
elements that have been chemically combined
What are some examples of compounds?

• Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
• Water H2O
• Calcium carbonate CaCO3
• Silicon dioxide SiO2
• Hydrochloric acid HCl
• Salt NaCl
• Sugar C6H12O6
• Methane CH4
• Amonia NH3

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Compound
How many of these are compounds? Circle the ones
that are compounds on your paper.
Ozone (O3) Oxygen (O2) Methane (CH4) Nitrogen
(N2) H2 NH3 Oxygen in the air Liquid
nitrogen Neon in lights Carbon dioxide gas
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Compound
There are 3 compounds herehighlighted in red.
What do these have in common?
Ozone (O3) Oxygen (O2) Methane (CH4) Nitrogen
(N2) H2 NH3 Oxygen in the air Liquid
nitrogen Neon in lights Carbon dioxide gas
These are all made up of more than one element!
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Mixture
Made of two or more substances (elements,
compounds, or both) that are together in the same
place but are not chemically combined into a new
substance
What are some examples of mixtures?

• Fabric
• Vinegar
• Rocks
• Milk
• Lemonade
• Iron fillings sand

• Chef salad
• Trail mix
• Kool-Aid
• Paint
• Soil
• Air

How do I separate a mixture of sand and iron
filings?
A magnet!
How do I separate a mixture of sugar water?
Evaporate the water sugar is left in the beaker
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Classify each of the illustrations above as an
element, a mixture or a compound.
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This illustration represents an element because
there is only type of particle present and each
one is separate.
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This illustration represents a mixture because
there are two types of particles present but each
one is separate (not chemically combined).
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This illustration represents a compound because
there are two types of particles present and one
of each joined with one of the other (chemically
combined).
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This illustration represents an element because
there is only type of particle present and each
one is separate.
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Acids Bases

• What pH are acids?

• Acids pH 1- 6

• What pH are bases?

• Bases pH 8 - 14

• What is a neutral pH?

• Neutral pH 7

• What substance has a neutral pH?

• Neutral pH 7 Water

• What happens when you mix an acid a base?

• Neutralization Reaction

• What are the products formed when you mix an acid
  a base?

• Salt Water

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Solids

• Solids have definite shape and definite volume.
• Solids have mass.
• Solids take up space.

Read more!
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Particles in Solids

• Are packed tightly together
• Have very little energy
• Vibrate in place

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Liquids

• Liquids take the shape of their container and
  have definite volume.
• Liquids have mass.
• Liquids take up space.

Read more!
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Particles in Liquids

• Are loosely packed
• Have medium energy levels
• Particles flow around each other

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Gases

• Gases spread out to fill the entire space given
  and do not have definite volume.
• Gases have mass.
• Gases take up space.

Read more!
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Particles in Gases

• Move freely
• Have LOTS of energy
• Are HIGHLY Compressible! This means you can
  squish them all together b/c theres a lot of
  space between the particles

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Which one do you think is the SOLID? Why?
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Particles in solids are packed tightly together
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Physical Properties
Characteristics of a specific substance that do
not depend on the size of the sample
Can be used to identify unknown substances

• Shape
• Density
• Solubility
• Odor
• Melting Point
• Boiling Point
• Color
• Hardness
• Texture

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Density

• What is the formula for density?

• Density Mass
• Volume

• What is the little figure that we draw to help us
  remember the formula for density?

• D m
• v

• How do I determine the density of a solid cube?

• First, take the mass. What instrument do I need
  to determine the mass?

• Triple Beam Balance

• Then, determine the volume. What is the formula
  for volume of a cube?

• Volume Length x Width x Height

• Now that you have both the mass and volume, just
  plug it into the density formula Density Mass
  Volume

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Density Layered Liquids

• If I have an object that has a density of 0.83
  g/mL, where would it land if I dropped it into
  this graduated cylinder?

• It would float on top of the first layer (green),
  which is isopropyl alcohol because the object is
  less dense than the green layer

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Density Cartesian Divers

• What happens when you squeeze the bottle?

• The dropper (diver) goes down because the volume
  of the air inside the diver decreasesthereby
  increasing the density

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Chemical Properties
Indicates whether a substance can undergo a
chemical change

• Acidity
• Basicity
• Combustibility
• Reactivity

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Combustion

• What is combustion?

• Combustion Burning

• Good fuels are highly combustible

• Combustibility a chemical property

• What forms of energy are produced during
  combustion?

• Heat Light

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WHAT IS AN ATOM?

• The smallest unit of an element.
• Consists of a central nucleus surrounded by one
  or more electrons.

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WHAT IS THE NUCLEUS?

• The central part of an atom.
• Composed of protons and neutrons.
• Contains most of an atom's mass.
• Andno, its not the same nucleus that you
  learned about last year inside the cell!

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WHAT IS A PROTON?

• Positively charged particle.
• Found within an atomic nucleus.

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WHAT IS A NEUTRON?

• Uncharged particle.
• Found within an atomic nucleus.

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WHAT IS AN ELECTRON?

• Negatively charged particle.
• Located in shells (energy levels) that surround
  an atom's nucleus.

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The BIG picture!
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Dalton

• He says each element is made of small atoms
• And, different elements have atoms of different
  masses
• Dalton imagined atoms as tiny, solid balls, like
  an orange

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Thomson

• He says an atom is a positively charged sphere
  with electrons embedded in it
• Discovered the negatively charged electron
• His model looks like a blueberry muffinor
  chocolate chip ice cream or plum pudding

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Rutherford

• He says an atom is mostly empty space
• Electrons orbit RANDOMLY around a small,
  positively charged nucleus
• His model looks like a peach with that big
  peach pit in the middle

Gold Foil Experiment
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Bohr

• He says electrons arent randomly located around
  the nucleus
• His model showed electrons moving in specific
  layers, shells, or orbits.
• His model kinda like our solar system

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The Current ModelThe Electron Cloud!

• The electrons form a negatively charged cloud
  around the nucleus
• Its impossible to determine exactly where an
  electron is at any given time

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How is the Bohr model different from the modern
model?

1. The masses of the atomic particles are different.
2. The numbers of electrons are different.
3. The shapes of the nuclei are different.
4. The arrangements of the electrons are different.

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How is the Bohr model different from the modern
model?

1. The masses of the atomic particles are different.
2. The numbers of electrons are different.
3. The shapes of the nuclei are different.
4. The arrangements of the electrons are different.