The Rise of Europe: The Early Middle Ages

1
The Rise of Europe The Early Middle Ages
2
Decline of Roman Empire Barbarian Migrations
3
Introduction Western Europe500-1000 A.D.

• During the Roman Empire, Europe was linked by
  Roman Roads
• spread classical ideas, Latin language
  Christianity
• After fall of Roman Empire, invaders swept across
  Europe
• Trade slowed, towns emptied, learning almost
  ceased
• Western Europe cut off from sophisticated
  civilizations of Middle East, China, India
• Focus of European history shifts North
• New culture emerged-blended Greco-Roman,
  Germanic, Christian traditions
• Medieval-Latin for middle Ages

4
(No Transcript)
5
Geography Resources

• Frontier-sparsely populated, underdeveloped
• Dense forests
• Fertile soil
• Minerals
• Seas for fish transportation
• Rivers for trade
• Mountain streams for water wheels

6
Germanic Kingdoms

• Germanic tribes migrated across Europe were
  farmers herders
• Very different culture from Romans
• No cities, no written laws
• Small communities, governed by unwritten customs
• Elected kings to rule during war
• Warrior nobles swore loyalty to king in exchange
  for weapons loot

7
(No Transcript)
8
Germanic Peoples

• 5th- 6th centuries, political unity of Roman
  Empire ended
• peoples moved southwards, attracted by Romes
  glory
• wanted fertile land/better climate
• organized into tribes
• chief made final decisions
• lived in big wooden houses
• moved constantly
• Called barbarians (foreigners) by Romans

9
5th Century Germanic Kingdoms

• Borders not fixed
• Christian Church provided order security
• Several kingdoms in Roman territory
• Franks
• Visigoths
• Burgundians
• Anglo-Saxon
• Vandals

10
How were Germanic societies organized?

• Germans were rural
• Most peasants
• animal grazing and working the land
• Most land in hands of Roman a Germanic families
• Some small land owners
• Monasteries owned vast territories
• received donations in exchange for prayers said
  by the monks
• Population of cities decreased
• commercial activity had slowed
• currency had almost disappeared

11
The New Society Germans Romans

• Germans were the minority
• Initially, Romans Germans maintained own laws,
  customs religion
• societies started to blend-Germans adopted Roman
  institutions/laws
• Used latin
• Converted to Christianity

12
Government Changes

• Rome
• Loyalty to public governments
• written law
• citizenship

• Germanic Kingdoms
• Family personal ties
• Made it difficult to govern a large area
• Small communities
• Unwritten rules traditions
• Chief leads warriors who pledge loyalty

13
Art culture in Germanic Kingdoms

• Few artistic artifacts remain
• Some small churches
• Art of gold silver
• Early Monasteries
• Community of monks
• Daily life organized according to rules
• Saint Benedict
• Monasteries places of prayer
• cultural centers
• school
• a scriptorium where manuscripts were copied

14
Rise of Christian Monasticism

• Monasteries Convents were separate religious
  communities for men women
• Monks nuns held no private possessions servants
  of God

15
Rules of Benedict

• Strict yet practical
• Give up attachment to world love of self
• Devotion to God
• Balance between work study
• Scholastica
• Twin sister?
• Devoted life to the church
• Took Benedicts rules to convents

16
Germanic Kingdoms The Franks

• Strongest of the small Germanic kingdoms of
  Western Europe
• In 486, Clovis, king of the Franks, conquered
  Gaul, a former Roman province
• Converted to Christianity
• earned the support of the people
• Christian Church of Rome

17
Christianity Spreads

• Germanic peoples converted
• missionaries
• fear of Muslim attacks
• New converts settled in Romes former lands

18
Germanic Kingdoms Europe Muslim World

• Islam appeared in Arabia in 622
• Christians were stunned when Muslim armies
  overran Christian lands, building a huge empire
  from Spain to North Africa to Palestine
• Charles Martel stopped Muslims at Battle of
  Tours, France in 732
• Muslims advanced no further into Western Europe
  but continued to rule Spain
• Caused Christians great anxiety and hostility

19
Age of Charlemagne

• Grandson of Charles Martel
• Built empire across France, Germany, part of
  Italy
• Ruled for 30 years
• Spent most of that time fighting Muslims in
  Spain, Saxons in the north, Avars Slavs in
  east, Lombards in Italy
• United much of Old Roman Empire

20
Age of Charlemagne The Carolingian Era

• In 800, crushed rebellious nobles at request of
  Pope Leo III
• Pope crowned him
• gave him title Emperor of Romans
• Joined Germanic power to Church heritage of
  Roman Empire
• Laid path for future power struggles
• Emperor in Constantinople outraged
• Increased division between east west Christians

21
Age of Charlemagne Government

• Worked to create a united Christian Europe
• Worked with Church to spread Christianity to
  conquered peoples
• Limited power of nobles-(counts)
• Gave land in return for support and soldiers for
  his armies
• Missi dominici were officials sent out to check
  on roads, listen to grievances administer
  justice

22
Age of Charlemagne Revival of Learning

• Wanted to make his court at Aachen a second
  Rome
• Promoted education for all social classes
• Founded a school
• Curriculum was grammar, rhetoric, logic,
  arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy
• Ordered monasteries to open schools - train monks
  priests

23
After Charlemagne

• His son Louis, took over 814 AD
• ineffective
• He had 3 sons
• They battled for 30 years
• In 843, Treaty of Verdun-split empire into 3
  regions
• Central authority broke down
• Led to feudalism

24
After Charlemagne Legacy

• Extended Christian civilization into northern
  Europe
• Increased blending of German, Roman, Christian
  traditions
• Set up a strong, efficient government
• Set an example for later medieval rulers

25
After Charlemagne New Invasions

• 800s, Muslims conquered Sicily which became a
  thriving center of Islamic culture
• In 896, the Magyars, nomads overran eastern
  Europe and plundered Germany, parts of France,
  and Italy
• After about 50 years, pushed back into Hungary

26
After Charlemagne The Vikings

• Expert sailors from Scandinavia
• burned looted along the coasts and rivers of
  Europe
• Traders explorers who sailed around the
  Mediterranean Sea and across the Atlantic Ocean
• Opened trade routes that linked northern Europe
  to Mediterranean lands
• Settled in England, Ireland, northern France and
  parts of Russia
• Around 1000, Leif Erikson set up a short-lived
  colony on North America

27
The Vikings
http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/launc
h_gms_viking_quest.shtml
28
Big Question

• What changes altered the economy, government, and
  culture of Western Europe?
• Disruption of trade
• Downfall of cities
• Population shifts
• Decline in learning
• Loss of common language

29
After the fall of Rome, what institution
provided security and stability?

• The Roman Catholic Church

30
Who was Clovis?

• Frankish king in region of Gaul
• Brought Christianity to the region
• Won the support of the Church against others
• United the Franks into one kingdom
• Mark the beginning of the alliance between
  political and religious powers

31
Who was Benedict?

• Monk who develop a set of strict yet practical
  rules for monasteries.
• Became a model for religious communities
• Monasteries became centers of learning
• Venerable Bede wrote a history of England
• Illuminated manuscripts

32
What were the most important events in the
unification of the Germanic kingdoms?

• 400s Roman Empire invaded
• 511-Clovis unites Franks in Christian kingdom
• 590-Gergor the Great becomes Pope
• 732-Charles Martel defeats Muslims at Battle of
  Tours
• 751-Carolingian Dynasty begins
• 800-Pope crowns Charlemagne Emperor
• 800s-French, Spanish, other languages evolved
  from Latin

33
What happened to Charlemagnes empire after he
died?

• Grandsons fought for control
• Treaty of Verdun
• Empire broken up into three kingdoms
• Carolingian kings lost power
• Central authority broke down
• Lack of strong leadership created a new system of
  governing and landholding
• Feudalism is born!!!!

34
Feudalism in Europe The Impact of Vikings

• Climate Change
• Sailed up rivers
• Traders, farmers, explorers
• Russia
• Constantinople
• North Atlantic
• Gradually accepted Christianity
• Warming trend in N. Europe
• Settled down

Longship
35
Magyar Invasions-late 800s AD

• Nomads from Hungary
• Horsemen
• Took captives as slaves

36
Muslims

• Came from south
• Strongholds in N. Africa
• wanted to spread Islam into Europe and plunder
  wealth

37
New Political System Feudalism

• Based on rights obligations
• Loyalty Military Service exchanged for Land
  Privilege
• Loyalty Labor exchanged for protection

38
Social Classes

• Social status determined prestige power
• Those who fought
• Those who prayed
• Those who worked
• Inherited
• Most people were peasants most peasants were
  serfs

39
Manors The Economic Side

• Manor was lords estate
• Provided serfs with housing, farmland, protection
• Serfs tended lords land, cared for animals,
  other tasks to maintain the estate
• Peasant women worked along their husbands
• All owed duties to the lord
• Grain, labor, etc.

40
Life on a Manor

• Self-sufficient
• Peasant taxes
• grinding their grain
• Marriage
• Church

41
Age of Chivalry

• Nobles constantly fought
• Conflict kept Europe fragmented
• Violent society valued combat skills
• High ideals guided warriors actions- glorified
  their roles

42
Age of Chivalry Education

• At age 7, trained as a page in castle of another
  lord
• at age 14, trained as squire, acted as servant to
  knight
• at 21, became a knight

43
Age of Chivalry Weapons Equipment

• Saddles stirrups from Asia
• Armor
• Long bow
• Cross bow and missiles

Caltrops
44
Age of Chivalry War Games

• Fought in local wars or tournaments
• Combined recreation with combat training

45
Code of Chivalry

• Be loyal
• Brave
• Courteous
• Defend three masters
• Feudal lord
• God
• chosen lady
• Protect the weak poor

46
Castle Life

• Lived in protected home of feudal lords
• castles designed as fortresses, massive walls
  guard towers

47
Romantic Love

• courtly love
• Ideal form of spiritual love
• Knight or courtier completely devoted himself to
  a noblewoman
• Expected to defend his chosen lady keep her
  entertained with love poems songs

48
The Art of Courtly Love by Andreas Cappellanus

• Marriage is no real excuse for not loving.
• He who is not jealous cannot love.
• No one should be deprived of love without the
  very best of reasons.
• It is not proper to love any woman whom one
  should be ashamed to seek to marry.
• A true lover does not desire to embrace in love
  anyone except his beloved.
• When made public love rarely endures.
• The easy attainment of love makes it of little
  value difficulty of attainment makes it prized.
• Every lover regularly turns pale in the presence
  of his beloved.
• When a lover suddenly catches sight of his
  beloved his heart palpitates.
• A new love puts to flight an old one.
• Good character alone makes any man worthy of
  love.
• Love can deny nothing to love.
• A lover can never have enough of the solaces of
  his beloved.
• A man who is vexed by too much passion usually
  does not love.
• A true lover is constantly and without
  intermission possessed by the thought of his
  beloved.

49
How did feudal lords in Western Europe in the
11th century defend their territories?

• Private armies
• Rewarded knights with fiefs from their estates
• Allowed knights to use their wealth to purchase
  supplies weapons, armor, horses for battle

50
How were the lives of a noblewoman and a peasant
woman different?

• Peasant woman
• Worked as hard as a man in order to survive
• General work duties
• look after children organize food for family
  and animals

• Noblewoman
• Centered around Church and home
• Inherit husbands estate, title of military
  commander and warrior when husband was away in
  battle

51
How did invading armies go about attacking a
castle?

• To capture a castle, first engineers would check
  the walls to find any weak points
• Attacking soldiers would ram the walls with
  weapons such as the battering ram and then walls
  would collapse
• Attacking soldiers could infiltrate the walls of
  the castle

52
How did some of the troubadours songs promote a
false image noblewomen knights?

• portrayed noblewomen as always beautiful,
  constantly pure
• Reality Check Knighthood was a particularly
  brutal office

53
Power of the Church

• In 936,Otto I, crowned Holy Roman Emperor for
  protecting the Church
• Began Holy Roman Empire
• Close relationship between Church State
• Tensions over who would appoint Church
  officials-investiture

54
Conflict Between Popes Emperors Gregory VII

• Reform corrupt church leaders
• Make the Church independent of secular rulers
• 1075, Banned practice of lay investiture-(church
  official chosen by kings)

55
Conflict Between Popes Emperors Henry IV

• Holy Roman Emperor
• Angered by Pope Gregorys actions
• Needed church leaders to support him against
  powerful German lords

56
Conflict Between Henry and Gregory

• Henry IV demanded that Gregory VII resign as Pope
• Gregory excommunicated Henry
• Henry realized he could not win so begged
  forgiveness
• Henry was forgiven

57
Why was the Church so important in the lives of
the people?

• Church was a unifying force in a time of
  political turmoil warfare
• Church provided a sense of security

58
How did popes in the 11th century use
excommunication interdicts as political tools?

• Popes threatened excommunication to have power
  over them the decisions they made
• The pope could threaten a king with an interdict
  to frighten the kings subjects in order to force
  him to submit

59
What was the Concordant of Worms?

• Compromise between Church emperor in 1122
• Church officials appointed church leaders
• King could veto appointments
• Kings could give titles land grant to church
  officials
• 1st document outlining separate areas of
  responsibility for Church and State

60
What happened at the Battle of Legnano?

• 1176,Frederick Is army of mounted knights fought
  against foot soldiers of the Lombard League
• Lombard League was a group of Italian merchants
  who stood up to Fredericks plundering of Italy
• The Italians, with the support of the pope,
  defeated Fredericks army

61
The Scriptorium Remember Your Vow of Silence!!!!

• You are a monk in the scriptorium.
• Create an illuminated manuscript of the Latin
  proverb Moderatio in omnibus rebus

62
The Dormitory Remember Your Vow of Silence

• Pretend you are a monk in the dormitory at 900
  pm.
• Put your head down on your desk, close your eyes

63
The Workhouse Remember Your Vow of Silence

• You are a monk in a workhouse. Today, you and
  your fellow monks are in charge of cleaning.
• Get paper towels, use Windex to clean all parts
  of your workspace.
• Work diligently and quietly with a cheerful
  spirit.

64
The Chancel Maintain total silence

• You are a monk in the chancel
• Sit and listen to the Gregorian chant.
• Think about how the Gregorian chant helped bring
  monks closer to God.