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Pay Your Money and Take Your Choice
IPED COAL POWER CONFERENCE
Coal Generation Technology Options
January 18-19, 2007 St. Petersburg, FL

• presented by

Richard Gendreau, P.E.
R. W. Beck, Inc.
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The Coal Paradox

• On the One Hand
• Abundant
• gt250 years of reserves in the U.S.
• 95 of U.S. fossil fuel reserves
• Relatively cheap
• On the Other Hand
• Capital-intensive
• Higher emissions than other fossil fuels

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Coal Villain or Savior?
Its reality! Deal with it!
Poland 95 Greece 62
South Africa 93 Germany 52
India 78 USA 50
Australia 77 Denmark 47
China 76 UK 33
Czech Republic 67 EU15(1) 27
(1) EU15 Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,
United Kingdom
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800-Pound Gorilla Carbon Emissions
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CO2 Abatement from Coal
Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Track 2
TRACK 2
- 95
Increased Efficiency, Biomass Cofiring, etc.
Track 1
- 60
TRACK 1
- 23
Baseline
Medium Term
Long Term
Time
Possible Now
2020
2010
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Coal Generation Technology Options

• PC and CFB Technologies
• Subcritical
• Supercritical
• Ultra-Supercritical
• Oxyfuel Combustion
• IGCC

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Comparing Technology Efficiencies

• HHV or Higher Heating Value (U.S., Australia)
• LHV or Lower Heating Value (Europe, Asia)
• LHV Efficiencies are 5 to 10 Higher than HHV
• Other Factors
• 3 to 5 point difference between U.S. and Europe

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Pulverized Coal and CFB Technologies
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Modern Pulverized Coal-Fired Power Plant
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Drum and Once-Through Type Boilers
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Subcritical Coal-Fired Power Plants

• Mostly Drum Type Boilers in U.S. and
  Once-Through Type Boilers in Europe
• Lowest Capital and OM Costs
• Flexible Operation
• High Availability
• Net Plant Efficiency (HHV) 35 to 37 (9,800 to
  9,200 Btu/kWh)

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Increasing Cycle Efficiency
47
45
USC
Efficiency, , HHV
Today
40
SC
37
1000
1200
1400
SH Steam Temperature, F
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Impact of Efficiency on CO2 Emissions
Percent Reduction
CO2 Reduction
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Modern Supercritical Boilers

• High Efficiency (38 to 41)
• Lower Fuel Costs
• Low Specific Emissions (lb/kWh)
• Variable (sliding) Pressure Operation to Low
  Loads
• Good Steam Temperature Control Over the Load
  Range
• Rapid Load Change and Startup
• FOF Similar to Subcritical (4)

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Ultra-Supercritical Technology

• No Clear Definition, 4350 psia, 1112 ºF/1112 ºF
  (300 bar, 600 ºC/600 ºC)
• Possible Efficiencies up to 46 Percent and Higher
• Ongoing Materials Research and Development
• High Nickel Alloys Will Be Required and Will
  Significantly Increase Cost

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CFB Technology
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CFB Technology is Mature

• Fully Commercial Technology
• Over 500 Units Worldwide
• Units in Service for Over 28 Years
• 300 MWe Units in Service
• 460 MWe Supercritical Unit in Construction
• Single 600 MWe Unit With Full Commercial
  Guarantees Being Offered
• Subcritical and Supercritical Cycles
• Demonstrated High Availability

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Oxyfuel Combustion Technology
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Oxyfuel Combustion
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Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle
Technologies
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Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle
2H2SO2 ? 2H2O 2S
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Advantages of IGCC Compared to SC PC

• Efficiencies Comparable to Current Supercritical
  PC Technologies
• Somewhat Lower Air Emissions
• Lower Water Consumption
• Lower Solid Waste
• Potential to Capture CO2 at Lower Cost
• Potential for Polygeneration Including
  Production of Fertilizer and Transportation Fuels

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IGCC Power Market Challenges

• Unfamiliar Technology to Power Industry
  Chemical Plant, not Combustion Boiler
• Higher Capital and Operating Costs
• Standard Designs and Guarantee Packages not yet
  Fully Developed
• Reluctance to Assume Technology Risks
• Lingering Availability/Reliability Concerns
• Questions About Feasibility and Cost Using
  Low-rank Coals, Particularly PRB and Lignite
• The 800-lb. Gorilla May Help to Change these
  Perceptions

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Efficiency of Current Coal Technologies
CFB (1)
Subcritical PC (1)
IGCC (1)
Supercritical PC (1)
Future IGCC
USC
1. Bituminous Coal
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Clean Coal Is Not an Oxymoron!
Dramatically Reduced Emissions!
Removal Efficiency
PC CFB IGCC
SO2 98 to 99 gt99
NOx gt97 gt99
ROx gt99.5 gt99.5
Hg 80 to 95 95 to 99
Metals gt99 gt99
Carbon Capture Under Development Proven
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Escalating Power Plant Costs

• Recent 700 MWe Supercritical Coal Project -
  1,800 to 2,000/ kWh
• AEP Announced They are Searching for Ways to
  Reduce the Costs of Two 600-MW IGCC Plants It
  Wants to Build in Ohio West Virginia. AEP had
  Placed Tentative Price Tags of 1.2 Billion to
  1.3 Billion Each on the Two Plants, but a
  Long-awaited Study Found Project Costs Greatly
  Exceeded Previous Estimates.

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Summary

• The 800-Pound Gorilla is Driving Greater Interest
  and Development in Supercritical and
  Ultra-supercritical PC, IGCC, Oxyfuel, Carbon
  Capture and Other Technologies
• Supercritical Technology is a Well Proven,
  Low-risk Technology with Efficiencies Approaching
  41 Percent (8,300 Btu/kWh) Today with Bituminous
  Coals
• Developments in New Materials are Expected to
  Increase USC Cycle Efficiencies above 45 Percent
  (lt7,500 Btu/kWh) in the Coming Years

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Summary

• Gasification and Related Processes Have Been Used
  Successfully for Decades in the Process and
  Petrochemical Industries
• The COE from Currently Offered IGCC Technology is
  Generally Estimated to be 10 to 20 Higher than
  the COE from PC. This Difference is Greater with
  Low Ranked Coals, Such as, PRB and Lignite.
• Broad Acceptance of IGCC Technology in the Power
  Industry Awaits the Completion and Operation of
  Currently Planned IGCC Projects.

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Summary

• Carbon Capture from Coal Gasification Derived
  Syngas is Commercially Mature
• Oxyfuel and Other Technologies are Under
  Development to Reduce the Cost of Carbon Capture
  from PC and CFB Technologies
• But at What Cost?!!!!!

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The 800-Pound Gorilla?
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Questions
IPED COAL POWER CONFERENCE

• Richard Gendreau, P.E.
• R. W. Beck, Inc.
• rgendreau_at_rwbeck.com
• [phone]

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Gasification Basics
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Gasification Basics