United Kingdom

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United Kingdom
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I. United Kingdom

• A. K. A.
• U. K.
• Great Britain
• British Islands
• England

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A. Climate

• January
• Low 33 F High 44 F Rainfall 2
• July
• Low 52 F High 71 F Rainfall 2

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B. The Peoples

• In 55 B.C. Roman armies conquered a people they
  called Britons.
• They were descendents of the Celts
• In the 5th through 7th centuries, German tribes
  invaded the lands Anglos, Saxons and Jutes.
• English descendents are now referred to as
• Anglo-Saxons

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III. Highlands

1. Hills running along the west coast of England
2. Older and harder rock formation
3. Worn-down by centuries of weathering
4. Land is difficult to farm

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IV. Midlands

• Southeast region of England
• Large deposits of coal
• Used during the industrial revolution
• Heated iron to make steel
• Most densely populated region of England
• Heavily polluted due to the industry

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V. Lowlands

• Near the English Channel
• Younger, softer rock formed fertile soil
• Fertile Able to produce abundant crops
• Wheat, vegetables, sheep dairy/beef cattle

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VI. Englands Urban Landscape

• London
• An inland seaport
• On the Thames River
• The Thames is an estuary
• Estuary Deep wide river mouth
• Relative-Location of England
• Changed throughout history
• Benefited from cross-Atlantic trade

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VII. Industrial Revolution

• Invention of modern farming methods
• Less people were needed on farms
• Improvement of health
• People lived longer
• Population increased
• People moved from the country to the city to find
  work

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Industrial Revolution

• First began producing textiles for making
  clothing
• Used water-wheel
• Later, coal powered the steam engine
• Later still, iron ore was discovered,
• Coal used to convert the iron into steel

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Industrial Revolution

1. The plentiful supply of coal and iron ore, made
   England a wealthy nation
2. During the last thirty years, the coal supply has
   been used up
3. English industry has fallen on hard times.

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Industrial Revolution

1. Recent discoveries of oil and natural gas has
   helped to revive the economy.
2. Growing Tertiary (Third Level) Economic
   activities
3. Does not want to change to the Euro

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VIII. CHUNNEL

• Train tunnel under the English Channel
• Channel Tunnel Chunnel
• 31 miles long
• Cost 15 BILLION
• Average Fares
• 1st Class, 399.00
• Wheelchair Passengers, 54.00

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IX. Scotland

• Part of Great Britain for almost 300 years
• Scotland has maintained its own identity
• Separate education system
• Separate legal system

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C. Scottish Highlands

• Highland Plateau
• Land was carved by melting glaciers during the
  last ice-age
• This left many Lochs (LAHKS)
• Deep lakes (Loch Ness)

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C. Scottish Highlands

• Covered in Moors broad, treeless rolling plains
• Moors are dotted with bogs areas of wet spongy
  ground.
• Wet soil limits growth to mainly grasses

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D. CENTRAL LOWLANDS

1. 75 of Scotlands people live here
2. Edinburgh Glasgow are the largest cities
3. Main industry has been and still is shipbuilding
4. Recently, heavy unemployment has caused
   emigration as people search for work

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E. SOUTHERN UPLANDS

1. Closest to the English border
2. Mainly used for raising sheep

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F. Scotland Today

• New industries are replacing mining and
  shipbuilding
• Silicon Glen
• Glen a narrow valley in the lowlands
• Specializing in computers

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F. Scotland Today

• Predominant religion Presbyterian
• In 1997, voted to form a Scottish Parliament
• Possible secession?

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X. WALES

• Culturally distinct from England
• Capital
• Postage
• Flag
• 20 of the population speak Welch

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X. WALES

1. However, England has a very strong influence on
   Wales
2. Wales was a large coal producer
3. By the 1980s, most coal mines closed
4. 1990s, economy improvedhigh-tech jobs

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XI. TWO IRELANDS

1. Northern Ireland (part of U.K.)
2. Ireland (independent)

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C. EMERALD ISLAND

• Moist, Marine west coast climate
• Keeps vegetation a brilliant green
• 1/6 of Ireland is covered in peat
• Peat spongy material containing waterlogged
  mosses and plants.
• After drying, it is used for heating, cooking and
  generating electricity

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D. Region of Conflict

1. Celts originally settled the Islands around 300
   B.C.
2. In 1066 A.D., France conquered England and large
   areas of Ireland.
3. From that time, English kings considered Ireland
   a possession of England.

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E. RELIGIOUS CONFLICT

• Up to the 1500s, the Roman Catholic Church
  controlled religion in Europe
• In 1534, King Henry VIII of England wanted a
  divorce from Catherine of Aragon (Queen)
• She couldn't give him a male heir (son)
• The Pope, (Head of the R. C. Church) said, NO!

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E. RELIGIOUS CONFLICT

1. Henry declared himself divorced and broke away
   from the R. C. Church
2. Named himself the head of this church
3. The Church of England (Protestant)

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E. RELIGIOUS CONFLICT

• Ireland remained Catholic mostly due to their
  hatred for England.
• Due to Cultural Divergence deliberate efforts to
  keep the culture separate
• Irish fought against the British, and lost.
• 1840s, potato famine
• Caused by a blight plant disease that destroys
  the crop
• Millions emigrated to ?

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E. RELIGIOUS CONFLICT

1. The British imposed harsh laws and gave large
   sections of land to Protestant Settlers from
   Great Britain
2. Protestant, wealthy few owned most of the wealth
3. Roman Catholics kept poor

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F. IRISH INDEPENDENCE

• During the early 1900s, Ireland rebelled again
• In 1949, the U.K. decided to divide Ireland into
  two parts
• Northern Ireland (U.K.)
• Republic of Ireland (Independent)

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3. Religious/Economic Conflict in Northern Ireland

• 2/3 of the population are Protestant
• Mostly landowners, some wealthy
• Want to remain a part of U.K. (almost all are
  Protestant)

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Religious/Economic Conflict In Northern Ireland

• 1/3 of the population are Roman Catholic
• Mostly working-class, most poor
• Want to unite with The Republic of Ireland
  (almost all Roman Catholic)

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Religious/Economic Conflict In Northern Ireland

1. Both sides have used violence
2. British soldiers now police N. Ireland
3. Peace agreement signed in 1998
4. So far peace is holding

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G. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

• 1990s, made economic changes
• Invested
• Telecommunications
• High tech
• Lured Irish-Americans back to their homeland
• Highest economic growth in Europe

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G. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

• Adopted the Euroinflation rose to 6.2
• Inflation a fast rise in prices money is worth
  less

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XII. Iceland Fire and Ice

1. Cold climate with glaciers
2. Glaciers A large slow moving mass of snow and
   ice formed over many years from packed snow.

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Iceland Fire and Ice

• Volcanoes produce geothermic energy
• Geothermic energy energy produced from the heat
  of the Earths interior
• Summer 20 hours of daylight
• Winter 20 hours of night

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XIII. THE NORTHERN LOCATION

• Relatively warm climate
• Due to North Atlantic Drift
• Early history includes the Vikings
• At one time politically connected under one crown

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XIII. THE NORTHERN LOCATION

1. Mixed economy Some government control over
   free-trade
2. Politically Neutral They do not take sides in
   war.

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John P. Lukewww.mrluke.net