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Nonverbal Communication of Emotion

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Nonverbal Communication of Emotion How can we tell what someone is feeling without a direct verbal expression (i.e., I m mad )? Do Now: Do you think there is a ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Nonverbal Communication of Emotion


1
Nonverbal Communication of Emotion
  • How can we tell what someone is feeling without a
    direct verbal expression (i.e., Im mad)?

2
Do Now
  • Do you think there is a science behind being told
    to smile even when you are clearly in no mood to
    smile???

3
Izards Facial Feedback Theory
  • The muscles in your face move to form an
    expression
  • Your brain interprets the muscle movement
  • You feel an emotion
  • You demonstrate observable behavior
  • Bottom Line Your facial expression can actually
    change your experience, or the way you feel.
  • Examples???

4
Nonverbal Emotions
  • What are some ways that we convey our emotions
    without actually having to explicitly state them?
  • Facial Expressions
  • Body Language
  • Voice Quality
  • Personal Space
  • Explicit Acts
  • Emblems/Gestures

5
Facial Expressions
  • Most obvious emotional indicators
  • Many facial expressions are innate (not learned)
  • evolutionary and adaptive- our ancestors used
    them to defend themselves, win mates, and compete
    for status (Ekman, 1992 Tooby Cosmides, 1990)

6
Facial Expressions
  • Facial Expressions and Genuine Smiles
  • BBC Online- Spot the Fake Smile

7
Body Language
  • Second most useful form of nonverbal
    communication
  • We can tell how someone is feeling by the way
    they hold themselves
  • Relaxed state- stretching back in a chair
  • Tense state- stiff and upright
  • Why is this helpful??
  • College interviews, walking off of the bus for a
    sporting event, drama club production
  • Beier videotaped subjects acting out emotions-
    most could only act 2 out of 6 emotions (Anger,
    fear, seductiveness, indifference, happiness,
    sadness)

8
Body Language Exercise
9
(No Transcript)
10
Voice Quality
  • Consider the following scenario
  • Jay walks into the kitchen and his mother is
    unloading the dishwasher. Rather than helping, he
    sits down and starts snacking on Cheetos and
    checking facebook.
  • Jays Mom I hope you are enjoying those Cheetos,
    Jay.
  • Jays Moms words do not express how she is
    feeling. How might her tone?

11
Voice Quality
  • We know from the tone of ones voice, as well as
    the expression behind it, how a person feels.
  • Many times, we do not need hear or express
    directly with words how or what we or someone
    else is feeling.
  • Other examples??

12
Role play!!!
  • Round 1 How do we stand next to people who are
    our friends? Those who are not?
  • Round 2 How does our personal space change when
    we are scared? Angry?

13
Personal Space
  • Defined as the distance people maintain between
    themselves
  • Varies between nature of activity and emotion
    felt
  • closer anger or affection
  • farther fear or dislike
  • Normal conversing distance between people varies
    from culture to culture
  • Invasion of personal space DISCOMFORT!

14
Explicit Acts
  • Outward expression of emotion
  • Examples slamming a door, punching a wall,
    kicking a chair, slapping high five, etc.
  • Are sometimes tricky
  • Sometimes we demonstrate the wrong behavior
  • Laughing and crying often look similar
  • Crying can signify happiness or sadness
  • Lying can fool many of us!!
  • In a study of several hundred lie catchers
    (government officials, Secret Service members,
    judges, psychiatrists, lie detector experts),
    only Secret Service performed at a rate that was
    better than chance
  • Lie to Me
  • Masking, Neutralizing, Intensification,
    Deintensification

15
Emblem
  • Fancy name for a type of gesture used as
    replacement for words
  • Examples Wink, Nod, Hand-wave, O.K. hand
    gesture
  • Culture-specific
  • An emblem that is common in one place may be
    highly offensive in another
  • Be careful of replacing gestures with words
  • Examples?

16
Emblems/Gestures Exercise
17
Display Rules
  • Circumstances under which it is appropriate for
    people to show emotion
  • differ greatly from culture to culture
  • Experiment Japanese and American college
    students were shown videos
  • Round One Students were alone in the room and
    displayed similar emotions (disgust)
  • Round Two Students were in a room with an
    experimenter. When with the experimenter,
    Japanese faces were more neutral or pleasant,
    while Americans continued to display disgust
  • It is a display rule among the Japanese to
    avoid displaying strong negative emotion in the
    presence of a respected elder. (Ekman, Friesen,
    and Ellsworth, 1972)

18
Empathy vs. Sympathy
  • Sympathy- To recognize someone elses emotions
    and appreciate them.
  • Empathy- To recognize someone elses emotion, as
    well as to identify with the emotion another is
    experiencing, as if to also take on that emotion.
  • Examples??

19
Summary
  • What are the most effective nonverbal cues?
  • Are all emotional expressions universal?
  • Can you hypothesize what is going on in the
    following picture

20
Gender and Emotion
  • Ladies Do you ever feel like a guy doesnt
    understand how you feel and you dont get how
    they can shut off their emotions?
  • Gentlemen Have you ever experienced an instance
    when a girl is way too emotional for you?
  • Are girls really more emotional than guys? (the
    question that plagues every relationship)

21
Gender and Emotion
  • Common observation Men display different
    emotions than woman
  • Science or Stereotype?
  • Eisenberg and Lennon, 1983
  • When exposed to people in distress, women
    expressed more feelings of concern. However,
    physiological responses were the same.
  • Conclusion Men inhibited their emotion.

22
Gender and Emotion
  • OLeary and Smith, 1988
  • Boys are trained to suppress unmanly emotions,
    such as sympathy, sadness, empathy, and distress,
    at a young age
  • Perhaps this is why females sometimes dont get
    the response they are looking for when seeking
    for comfort in their partners

23
Gender and Emotion
  • Females have stronger emotional reactions when
    they self-generate a thought
  • Ex Think of your dog running away.
  • The emotional centers of the brain are more
    activated in females than males in these
    hypothetical situations
  • Ladies Stop thinking too much! ?

24
Gender and Emotion
  • Reactions to a hypothetical situation of being
    double-crossed
  • Women betrayed and hurt (how could you do this
    to me??)
  • Men- anger (watch your back)
  • Men often outwardly express emotions
  • 4x as likely to be violent
  • Women often look inward
  • More likely to be depressed

25
Gender and Emotion
  • Holding anger in is extremely unhealthy
  • People who feel more hostile were three times
    more likely to die during study than those who
    were not (Julius, et. Al. 1986)
  • Venting and experiencing bouts of anger
    appropriately is essential to our survival!
  • Healthy ways to express anger??

26
Gender and Emotion
  • Males and females differ in the way they
    interpret nonverbal cues of emotion
  • Women can decode facial expressions, body cues,
    and tones of voices more efficiently
  • Evolutionary and/or a result of child rearing
    (practice)
  • People are more sensitive to the emotions of
    their leaders
  • Historically, men have been more powerful
  • Women hold emotionally laborious occupations

27
Culture and Emotion
  • Many cultures share similar emotional reactions
  • Death sadness Attack fear
  • Many emotions depend the culture
  • Cultures that emphasize the individual- you are
    more likely to feel proud
  • Cultures that emphasize the collective- you may
    not feel as proud (say, of a job promotion)

28
Culture and Emotion
  • The English language has endless words for
    self-focused emotions (multiple words for one
    emotion!)
  • Angry, mad, infuriated
  • Sad, upset, hurt
  • The Japanese language has more words for
    other-focused emotions
  • i.e. words for empathy and sympathy

29
Culture and Emotion
  • Matsumoto, et al 1988
  • American college students experienced emotions
    that lasted longer than Japanese students
  • Collectivist cultures put an emphasis on emotions
    that help the flow of society as a whole
  • Stop dwelling because youre not doing anyone any
    good!

30
Culture and Emotion
  • Ekman and facial expressions
  • Happiness, anger, surprise, sadness, anger, fear,
    disgust
  • Are universal across cultures

31
Culture and Emotion
  • Once again, display rules come into effect when
    expressing emotions
  • Masking, Neutralizing, Deintensification,
    Intensification
  • Members of different cultures follow different
    rules for when it is appropriate to express
    emotion
  • When is it okay to show that you are mad?
    Disgusted? Angry?
  • Etre et Avoir clip (111)

32
Review
  • Format
  • 15 Multiple Choice
  • 4 Matching
  • 1 Short Answer
  • 1 Essay
  • Use Chapter 9 terms sheet for review
  • Questions/Comments??
  • Monday- JEOPARDY
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