Bell Ringer

1
Bell Ringer

• On a scale of 0-4 how much do you know about
  WWII?
• What is one thing you would like to know about
  Americas involvement in WWII?

2
A World in Flames

• Chapter 24

3
America and the World

• Wilson intended for democracy to be spread
  throughout the world
• Instead, the treaty along with the economic
  depression that followed lead to the rise of
  antidemocratic governments in Europe and Asia
• There are four major anti-democracies that arise
  during this time Mussolini and Fascism in Italy,
  Stalin and Communism in the USSR, Hitler and
  Nazism in Germany, and Militarists in Japan

4
America and the World

• Benito Mussolini returned from WWI convinced that
  Italy needed a stronger leader
• In 1919 he founded the Fascist Party
• Fascists say that the nation is more important
  than the individual, that individualism makes a
  country weak
• It also believes that a strong government comes
  from a dictatorship that expands territory and
  building up its military
• Mussolini was backed by Blackshirts, or Fascist
  militia, who defended Rome from Communists
• The King was persuaded into appointing Mussolini
  as the premier, where he quickly turned Italy
  into a dictatorshipin which he was the dictator

5
America and the World

• Vladimir Lenin lead the Bolshevik Party by
  uniting the Russian Empire (USSR) and spreading
  communism throughout
• Lenin established control over these territories
  and instituted one-party rule, suppressed
  individual liberties and punished opponents
• When Lenin died, Joseph Stalin became dictator
  and killed 8 to 10 million peasants who resisted
  the Communist policies

6
America and the World

• Adolf Hitler was an anticommunist and an admirer
  of Mussolini
• Hitler fought for Germany in WWI
• The Versailles Treaty left him with hatred for
  the Allies and the German government who accepted
  the treaty
• The political and economic chaos lead to new
  political parties such as the National Socialist
  German Workers Party, or Nazi Partywhich did
  not represent workers but rather focused on
  nationalism and anticommunism

7
America and the World

• The Nazis tried to march on Munich and then try
  to take Germany by marching on Berlin, the
  capitalHitler was arrested
• While in prison he wrote Mein Kampf or My
  Struggle which said all German should unite
  under one government and that Germany belong to
  the blond, blue-eyed that were part of the
  master race called Aryans
• He called for Germany to expand into Poland and
  Russia
• He believed that Slavic people belonged to an
  inferior race and that Jews were to blame for
  Germanys defeat and the worlds problems

8
America and the World

• After his release from prison, Hitler changed
  tactics, he went from violence to trying to get
  Nazis elected to the Reichstag, or lower
  Parliament
• When the Great Depression struck, many Germans
  began voting for radical parties such as Nazis
  and Communists, by 32 the Nazis were the largest
  party in the Reichstag

9
America and the World

• Many German leaders felt that if they helped
  Hitler into leadership, they could control him
• In 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor, or
  prime minister
• Once in power, Hitler ordered Storm Troopers
  (Nazi paramilitary units) to intimidate voters
  away from Socialist and Communist parties
• By 1934 Hitler became president, renamed it
  fuhrer, and a year later began rebuilding the
  military in violation of the Treaty of Versailles

10
America and the World

• Economic hardship helped undermine the political
  system of Japan as well
• Japan was having to import nearly all their
  resources
• In the 20s Japan didnt earn enough from exports
  to pay for imports, leading to unemployment and
  limited economic growth
• When the Depression struck, many countries raised
  tariffs making the problem worse
• Many Japanese blamed corrupt politicians and
  believed that Japan was destined to dominate East
  Asia they also felt that democracy was
  un-Japanese

11
America and the World

• Japanese officers, acting without the
  governments permission, invaded Manchuria as a
  way to get needed resources
• The Japanese prime minister tried to end the war,
  but was assassinated by Japanese officers which
  effectively lead to military rule over Japan
• The military rulers were appointed as prime
  ministers and the nationalist policy was to
  expand the empire

12
America and the World

• The rise of dictatorships made Americans
  discouraged about the sacrifices they had made to
  get involved in WWI
• Americans began to support isolationism again, or
  the idea that to avoid going to war, America
  should avoid international commitments
• These ideas became stronger in the 30s because
  the only debtor nation to repay WWI debts was
  Finland and dozens of books and articles appeared
  arguing that weapons manufactures tricked the US
  into WWI
• The Nye Committee investigated the USs
  involvement in WWI, finding that arms factories
  made huge profits and made the impression that
  these businesses influenced the US to go to war

13
America and the World

• Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935 which
  made it illegal to sell arms to any country at
  war, due to the Spanish Civil War, the US added
  to the act by saying sales to either side of a
  civil war was also illegal
• During the Spanish Civil War Fancisco Franco lead
  the Fascists against other groups such as the
  Communists
• Russia supported the communists, Hitler and
  Mussolini supported Franco

14
America and the World

• Hitler and Mussolini signed an agreement pledging
  to cooperate, creating the Rome-Berlin Axis
• Shortly after this Japan allied itself with
  Germany by signing the Anti-Comintern Pact,
  requiring the two countries exchange info about
  Communist groups
• Together Germany, Japan and Italy became known as
  the Axis Powers, although they did not become
  allies until Sept. 1940

15
America and the World

• With the situation in Europe getting worse, the
  US passed the Neutrality Act of 1937 which
  created a cash and carry policy for all goods
  sold to warring nationsthose nations had to come
  pick up their goods, and pay cash, no loans
  allowed
• The reason they did this was to avoid going to
  war over attacks on merchant shipsone of the
  reasons the US went into WWI

16
America and the World

• FDR knew that fixing the Depression was the most
  important problem at the time
• He was not an isolationist however, he believed
  in internationalism which says that trade between
  countries creates prosperity and helps prevent
  war
• He did believed that the US should try to
  preserve world peace
• FDR warned that the neutrality acts may cause us
  to go to war instead of keeping us out, but he
  did not veto them, since the public supported
  neutrality

17
America and the World

• When Japan launched a full attack on China, FDR
  sent help to China, saying that the Neutrality
  Acts did not apply since neither country
  officially declared war
• FDR warned the nation that we should not stand by
  and let lawlessness infect the world
• Americans ignored FDR, refusing to risk another
  war, to which he replied It is a terrible thing
  to look over your shoulder when you are trying to
  leadand find no one there

18
World War II Begins

• It is not known whether FDR could have negotiated
  peace with Hitler, what is known is that once
  Hitler raised his army, he was bent on conquest
  and many European leaders gave into his demands,
  hoping for peace, rather than trying to stop him
• Some wanted to avoid a bloody conflict like WWI,
  some thought that Hitler was not being
  unreasonable and others believed that the Nazis
  would be interested in peace once they gained
  more territory

19
World War II Begins

• Hitler first turned his attention to Austria and
  Czechoslovakia
• By seizing them he would gain food supplies,
  defensible frontiers, and soldiers for Germany
• He threatened to invade Austria, but the
  chancellor gave in, which lead to Hitler
  announcing Anschluss, or unification with Germany

20
World War II Begins

• People accepted Hitler taking Austria, since the
  two countries had so much in common
• When Hitler went after Czechoslovakia, it was a
  democracy backed by France and the Soviet Union
• Germany demanded the Sudetenland, part of
  Czechoslovakia, so France said they would fight,
  as did the SU and the British prime minister,
  Neville Chamberlain
• However, to prevent another war, Britain, France,
  Germany and Italy met in Munich, and decided on
  appeasement, giving concessions to Hitler in
  exchange for peaceCzechoslovakia had to turn
  over the Sudetenland

21
World War II Begins

• Supporters of appeasement assumed that Hitler
  would be satisfied
• Chamberlain was buying time for the British army,
  since they were not prepared yet
• That following March, Germany went into
  Czechoslovakia and broke of the country creating
  Slovakia, a German satellite state, and Czech
  lands a German protectorate

22
World War II Begins

• After the Munich Conference, Hitler turned his
  sights on Poland
• He demanded that Danzig, a Baltic Sea port, be
  returned to Germany and that a highway and RR be
  put across the Polish Corridor, which separated
  Germany from Prussia (a German state)
• This convinced France and Britain that
  appeasement had failed Britain and France
  declared they would help Poland if Germany
  attacked

23
World War II Begins

• Germany proposed a nonaggression treaty with the
  Soviets, who agreed
• Stalin believed the way to stay safe was to turn
  the capitalist nations against each other, and
  when Germany attacked, USSR would be safe
• The Nazi-Soviet pact shocked the world since they
  were supposed to be against each other
• France and Britain knew that the deal freed
  Hitler for war against Poland, what they did not
  know was that USSR and Germany secretly planned
  to divide Poland

24
World War II Begins

• On Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland, on Sept.
  3, Britain and France declared war on Germany,
  officially starting WWII
• Poland resisted Germany, but the Germans used a
  new type of warfare called blitzkrieg or
  lightening warusing large numbers of massed
  tanks to break through and encircle the enemy,
  then used aircraft and paratroopers to cut supply
  lines
• On September 27 the Polish capital of Warsaw fell
  and by October 5 the Polish army was defeated

25
World War II Begins

• Western Europe remained quiet during the
  sitzkrieg, or sitting war (the British called it
  the Bore War, and the Americans called it the
  Phony War) where both sides sat on the defense
  waiting for the other to attack
• During WWI the French had developed the Maginot
  Line, a concrete barrier on the German-French
  boarder where the French waited for the Germans
• This allowed the Germans to focus on Poland
  before moving on to France and Britain

26
World War II Begins

• After Poland, Hitler attacked Norway and Denmark
  before invading France (which only took one month
  for Germany to control)
• Hitler decided to go around the Maginot Line by
  attacking the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium
• When Hitler attacked he came through Luxembourg,
  while the British and French expected him to come
  through Belgium, the Germans easily came through
  France, to the English Channel, trapping British
  and French forces in the Belgium

27
World War II Begins

• The Germans drove the surviving French and
  British troops toward the English Channel
• The Allies knew they needed to escape by sea, but
  Germany controlled all northern French ports
  except Dunkirk
• As Hitler closed in on the forces at Dunkirk, he
  ordered them to stop (no one knows why)
• This gave Britain a three day delay to evacuate
  what they thought would be about 45,000 troops,
  instead everything from warships to civilian
  sailboats rescued 338,000 British and French
  troops

28
World War II Begins

• The evacuation left a large amount of the
  Britishs supplies at Dunkirk
• On June 22, 1940 France surrendered in the same
  railway car in which the Germans surrendered in
  WWI, giving Germany most of northern France and
  its Atlantic coastline
• Hitler then set up a puppet government to run
  France

29
World War II Begins

• Winston Churchill took Neville Chamberlains
  place as prime minister
• He declared that Britain would never surrender,
  so Hitler ordered an attack
• The challenge for Germany was getting to Britain,
  the waters of the channel were choppy and Germany
  had few ships, the British air force would sink
  them
• Germany knew they had to defeat the air force to
  attack Britain

30
World War II Begins

• In June 1940, the Luftwaffe, or German air force,
  attacked British shipping, then they launched an
  air battle to take out the British Royal Air
  Force
• The air battle lasted into the fall, became known
  as the Battle of Britain
• On Aug. 23 German bombers accidentally bombed
  London, causing rage by the British, who bombed
  Berlin the next night (the first time bombs were
  dropped in Berlin)
• The British endured the bombing by using newly
  developed radar and hiding in subways when they
  saw German planes coming
• The British fighters inflicted more losses than
  they suffered, leading to Hitler canceling the
  invasion of Britain

31

• View of a V-1 rocket in flight, ca. 1944.

• Aircraft spotter on the roof of a building in
  London. St. Paul's Cathedral is in the
  background.

• "Children of an eastern suburb of London, who
  have been made homeless by the random bombs of
  the Nazi night raiders, waiting outside the
  wreckage of what was their home."

32
Bell Ringer

• The American public did not truly take in the
  horror of Adolf Hitlers regime until years after
  the existence of concentration camps was first
  reported in American newspapers. Partly this was
  the fault of the media, which did not give
  prominent placement to news of the Holocaust.
  What other factors do you think contributed to
  the long delay in understanding the Holocaust?

33
Common Board

• Objective
• Students will analyze the Holocaust (Hitlers
  final solution), its impact on Jews and other
  groups, and postwar trials of war criminals.
• Learning Goal/Standard
• SS.912.A.6.3Analyze the impact of the Holocaust
  during World War II on the Jews as well as other
  groups
• Essential Question
• Could the United States have done more to prevent
  the Holocaust?

34
Self-Reflection

• Its quite possible that you already know a lot
  about the Holocaust.
• Rate yourself 0-4 on how well you think you know
  it (0 being Ive never heard it, 2 being I know
  some key terms and main ideas, 4 being you could
  teach it)
• If you are a 0-2 write what you do know about the
  Holocaust and then say what you would like to
  know.
• If you are a 3-4 what can you do to expand your
  understanding beyond just memorizing facts

35
The Holocaust

• The Holocaust occurred when Nazis killed nearly 6
  million Jews and millions of other people they
  considered inferior
• Shoah is the Hebrew word for catastrophe, is now
  used specifically for The Nazi campaign to
  exterminate Jews
• Once the Nazis took over, they put Hitlers
  radical ideas in place, persecuted anyone who
  opposed them, were disabled, Gypsies,
  homosexuals, Slavic people and Jews

36
The Holocaust

• In Sept. 1935 the Nazis put the Nuremberg Laws in
  place which took citizenship away from Jewish
  Germans and banned marriage between Jews and
  other Germans
• Two months later, they defined Jews as anyone
  with at least one Jewish grandparent, and denied
  them from voting or holding office
• Jews with German-sounding names had to take
  Jewish names, and J was marked on their
  passports
• Jews found it very hard to live since they were
  not allowed to work anywhere
• Many Jews refused to move during early Nazi rule,
  not wanting to give up the life they had made,
  also they thought it had to get better soon

37
With a partner

• Discuss the following Why did people go along
  with things like the Nuremburg Laws?

38
The Holocaust

• A young Jew killed a German diplomat in Paris as
  retaliation for the treatment of Jews
• Hitler ordered a staged attacks that made it look
  like a spontaneous reaction to the news
• The killing spree became known as Kristallnacht
  or night of broken glasswhere 90 Jews died,
  thousands of businesses were destroyed and nearly
  200 synagogues were wreaked
• The Gestapo, German secret police, arrested
  20,000 wealthy Jews releasing them only if they
  would emigrate and surrender all their
  possessions
• The Nazis also ordered that the Jewish community
  pay for the damage done during Kristallnacht

39
On a scale

• Rate how you understand the Nazis goals in
  carrying out Kristallnacht.

40
The Holocaust

• Many Jews began trying to escape, including
  Albert Einstein and Otto Frank
• In 1938 the American consulate in Stuttgart,
  Germany received 100,000 applications for visas
• Many would not receive visas to the US or any
  other country, leaving them stuck in Nazi
  territories

41
With a partner

• Discuss the following knowing what they knew
  then, did the United States have a moral
  obligation to allow German Jews to immigrate
  here?
• Why do you think they refused?

42
The Holocaust

• The idea of allowing immigration in the US was
  not popular for several reasons
• First, the public feared they would have to take
  care of the Jews since they were not allowed to
  take any wealth when leaving the country
• Second, other countries were not accepting them
• Third, unemployment was already high due to the
  Great Depression, and people did not want to
  raise the 150,000 limit allowed in the country

43
The Holocaust

• Ships still departed with Jews crammed on them
  even though Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina and Costa
  Rica refused to allow Jews with fake documents
• The SS St. Louis entered Havana, Cuba with 930
  refugees which Cuba refused to take They circled
  off the coast of Florida trying to get the US to
  take them, but the US also refused
• They returned to Europe where most died in the
  Nazis final solution

44
The Holocaust

• In Jan. of 1942 Nazi leaders met at the Wannsee
  Conference to determine the final solution of
  the Jewish question
• Some solutions had included shooting them and
  piling them in mass graves while others said to
  pile them in trucks and pump exhaust fumes to
  kill them
• At Wannsee the Nazis planned to put healthy
  people to work in concentration camps until they
  dropped dead and put old, young and infirm in
  extermination camps, where they would be gassed
  to death

45
The Holocaust

• The Nazis established their first concentration
  camp in 1933
• Buchenwald was the first and largest but had no
  gas chambers, but hundreds died as a result of
  exhaustion and living conditions
• Most extermination camps were built in Poland,
  including Treblinka and Auschwitz
• Auschwitz alone housed 100,000 people in 300
  prison barracks the gas chamber killed 2,000
  people at a time and killed 12,000 people in a
  day
• An estimated 1.6 million died there, 1.3 million
  were Jews

46
On a scale

• On a scale of 1 4, rate your knowledge of the
  Holocaust.

47
With a partner

• There have been countless instances of genocide
  throughout history even in the modern day, we
  hear of massive bloodshed as people are murdered
  simply because of who they are.
• Discuss why you think we pay so much attention to
  the Holocaust in Germany as opposed to other
  instances of genocide? What makes the Holocaust
  so interesting to us?
• Why is the Holocaust historically significant?

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Exit ticket and Assignment

• Looking back at what you wrote at the beginning
  of the lesson, did you learn something new?
• If you were already comfortable with the
  material, did you gain any new insight or did any
  of your thoughts change
• Explain
• Assignment Continue conducting research for your
  essay that is due on Friday. If finished with
  that, begin working on vocabulary. Your next test
  is April 23rd!

50
Bell Ringer

• What is significant about December 7, 1941?
• If you dont know, make your best educated guess.

51
America Enters the War

• Shortly after the war started, FDR asked Congress
  to revise the neutrality laws
• Public backed dropping the ban on arms sales to
  warring nations, but isolationists asked for
  weapons to be paid for in cash and shipped on the
  buyers ships
• FDR gave Britain 50 old destroyers in exchange
  for bases, since there was no sale the
  neutrality acts didnt apply

52
America Enters the War

• The public supported FDR in his deal, showing a
  change in the public who now supported limited
  aid to the Allies
• Opinion was not unified though at one extreme
  was Fight for Freedom Committee who urged the
  repeal of the Neutrality Acts and stronger action
  against Germany, on the other side was the
  America First Committee who was strict
  isolationists
• The election of 1940 showed that the public
  wanted to keep a president they knew

53
America Enters the War

• After the election FDR stated that Britain fought
  for democracy and we had to help
• He said that the US and Britain stood for the
  four basic freedoms Freedom on speech, freedom
  of worship, freedom from want and freedom from
  fear
• FDR came up with the Lend-Lease Act which allowed
  the US to lend or lease arms to any country
  vital to the defense of the USthis opened the
  door to send weapons to Britain
• By the end, the US had contributed more than 40B
  in supplies to Allies
• This aide would help the SU as well after Hitler
  violated the Nazi-Soviet pact and Churchill and
  FDR said anyone who fights Nazism will have their
  support

54
America Enters the War

• FDR still had to figure out how to get the arms
  to Britain, since the US was still neutral
• He declared the Western part of the Atlantic part
  of the Western Hemisphere, thus neutral allowing
  the US Navy to patrol it and reveal German sub
  locations
• In Aug. 1941 Churchill and FDR met on warships
  and agreed on the Atlantic Charter which said the
  two leaders would enforce a post war democracy
  for the world, nonaggression, free trade,
  economic advancement and freedom of the seas

55
America Enters the War

• Churchill had said that FDR was going to force an
  incident to open hostilities with Germany
• He didnt have to though in Sept. German U-boat
  fired on the American destroyer Greer which lead
  to FDR ordering shoot-on-sight policy toward
  Germany subs
• Germans retaliated by sinking the Reuben James
  killing 115 sailors and creating a tense standoff
  in the North Atlantic

56
America Enters the War

• FDRs policies toward helping Britain lead to
  Japans attack on the US
• When WWII started, Britain had much of their Navy
  in the Pacific protecting its empire
• FDR started putting economic pressure on Japan to
  keep them from attacking Britain
• Congress passed the Export Control Act which
  allowed the president to restrict the sale of
  strategic materials (used for fighting a war)
• FDR blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap
  iron to Japan, who retaliated by signing a formal
  alliance with the Axis Powers

57
America Enters the War

• FDR thought that his aid to China would have
  stopped Japans threat to Britain, but it failed
  so FDR froze all Japanese assets in the US and
  sent MacArthur to the Philippines to build
  defense there
• FDR said he would lift the embargo if Japan
  withdrew from Indochina and made peace with China
• Japan decided to attack British and Dutch
  colonies as well as the Philippines and Pearl
  Harbor

58
America Enters the War

• The thing that finally drew America into the war
  was the attack on Pearl Harbor
• Japan pretended to go along with negotiations,
  however, US Intelligence recovered Japanese
  communications that made it clear Japan was
  preparing to go to war with the US
• Commanders at Pearl Harbor received notice that
  Japan was going to attack, but Pearl Harbor was
  not mentioned
• Lack of communication lead to the devastating
  attack, on December 7, 1941 Japan sank or damaged
  21 ships, 188 airplanes and killed 2,403
  Americans
• The next day FDR asked Congress for a declaration
  of war which the Senate voted 82-0 and the House
  388-1 in favor of war on Japan

59

• USS SHAW exploding during the Japanese raid on
  Pearl Harbor,
• December 7, 1941

60
America Enters the War

• Hitler did not have to declare war on America
  because of the alliance (that was only if Japan
  was attacked first) but he grew tired of American
  attacks on German subs
• He assumed the Japanese would easily take out the
  US in the Pacific
• He hoped that by helping Japan now, he could
  count on them to help with the Soviets after the
  US was defeated
• On Dec. 11, 1941 Italy and Germany declared war
  on the US