? ? ? ? (Petroleum Engineering)

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? ? ? ?(Petroleum Engineering)

• ??? ??
• ??????? ????(??????27813)
• 2010 ? 9? 2011 ? 1?

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Chapter 1 Introduction (??)

• What is petroleum (p?-tro'le-?m)?
• Oil from rock
• Petroleum may be in gaseous, liquid, and solid
  hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the
  earth's surface.
• Oil being a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black
  hydrocarbons mixture.
• Could be separated into fractions including
  natural gas, gasoline, naphtha(???),
  kerosene(??), fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin
  wax(??), and asphalt(??) and is used as raw
  material for a wide variety of derivative
  products.

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Petroleum(??) and Energy(??)

• ?? (Energy Sources)????
• ?????????(heat) ???(power)???????
• ??,????,??????

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?????

• ??????????(Non-renewable Energy)
• ??????????? ????,???? ???
• ?,????
• ??????????????
• ????(Renewable Energy)
• ??????????? ????,????? ,
• ??????????????????????
• ?? ???????

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???? (Non-renewable Energy)

• ?????(Fossil Fuel Energy)
• -?????????
• ??(Nuclear Energy)
• -?(Uranium)

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????(Renewable Energy)??

• ???(Solar Power)
• ???(Wind Power)

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????(Renewable Energy)??

• ???(Tidal Power)

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????(Renewable Energy)??

• ???(Hydro-electric Power)
• ???(Wave Power)

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????(Renewable Energy)??

• ???(Geothermal Energy) ???(Biomass Energy)

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?????????
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??????????????????
Source EIA, Annual Energy Review, 2002
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BP Statistical review of world energy June 2006
(XLS). British Petroleum (June 2006). Retrieved
on 2007-04-03. a b c d e f g h i j k
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????

• ??????????????????,??????????????????????????
• 1970????????????
• ??????????,
• ??????????
• 1990?????????
• ????????
• 2008 oil price up to 150 USD/bbl
• ???????,?????????
• ???????????????

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?????

• ??????????????
• (???????????)?
• ?????????,?????
• ????? (?? LNG) ??????????????? 162C,????????????,
  ?????????????????,???????????

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????

• ????
• -- relative weight (API gravity)
  viscosity
• -- "light", "intermediate" or "heavy"
• -- impurity
• --"sweet," which means it contains
  relatively little sulfur, or
• -- "sour," which means it contains
  substantial amounts of sulfur and requires more
  refining in order to meet current product
  specifications
• ????
• ???????
• ??
• by the location of its origin
• (e.g., "West Texas Intermediate, WTI" or
  "Brent")
• ????
• ??(????)

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API Gravity API ltgt
American Petroleum Institute
API 10o (SG1) gt water
API lt 20o (SGgt0.96) gt heavy oil 30o lt API
lt 40o (0.89gtSGgt0.84)
gt intermediate oil (light to
medium) 40o lt API (SGlt0.84) gt light
oil API gt 45o (SGlt0.84) gt volatile
oil API 60o 70o (0.76-0.72) gt
condensate liquid
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The world reference Crude (oil)

• Brent Crude, comprising 15 oils from fields in
  the Brent and Ninian systems in the East Shetland
  Basin of the North Sea. The oil is landed at
  Sullom Voe terminal in the Shetlands. Oil
  production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern
  oil flowing West tends to be priced off the price
  of this oil, which forms a benchmark.
• West Texas Intermediate (WTI) for North American
  oil.
• Dubai, used as benchmark for Middle East oil
  flowing to the Asia-Pacific region.
• Tapis (from Malaysia, used as a reference for
  light Far East oil)
• Minas (from Indonesia, used as a reference for
  heavy Far East oil)
• The OPEC basket used to be the average price of
  the following blends
• Arab Light Saudi Arabia
• Bonny Light Nigeria
• Fateh Dubai
• Isthmus Mexico (non-OPEC)
• Minas Indonesia
• Saharan Blend Algeria
• Tia Juana Light Venezuela

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What is a "barrel" of oil?

• 1 barrel 0.158987 cubic meters1 barrel
  34.99089 Imperial gallons1 barrel 42 U.S.
  gallons1 barrel 158.987146 liters
• Now-a-days, oil volumes are measured in cubic
  meters or "cubes" as they are referred to in the
  "oil patch"
• 1 cubic meter 6.28994 barrels1 cubic meter
  1,000 liters
• 1 barrel 158.987146 liters
• Brent Crude is one of the major classifications
  of oil consisting of Brent Crude, Brent Sweet
  Light Crude ... per barrel is about 3 less than
  WTI, and 3 more than OPEC Basket. Brent Crude
  has an API gravity of around 38. ...

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Chart of crude oil prices since 1861
Crude oil prices 1861 - 2008 US dollar per
barrel World events
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Chart of Rotterdam Gulf Coast product prices
Rotterdam product prices US dollar per barrel
US Gulf Coast production prices US dollar per
barrel
Source Platts
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Proved oil reserves
Proved reserves at end 2008 Thousand million
barrels
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Distribution of proved oil reserves
Distribution of proved oil reserves in 1988, 1998
and 2008 Percentage
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SEPTEMBER 17, 2009
PETROLEUM (/bbl)

  PRICE CHANGE CHANGE TIME
NYMEX CRUDE FUTURE 72.43 -.08 -.11 2028
DATED BRENT SPOT 70.57 -.04 -.06 2037
WTI CUSHING SPOT 72.51 1.58 2.23 09/16
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Crude Oil, Gasoline and Natural Gas Futures
NYMEX Prices for September 15, 2008
NYMEX Light Sweet Crude -5.47 95.71
IPE Brent -5.14 92.44
RBOB Gasoline NY Harbor -0.2082 2.5614
Heating Oil NY Harbor -0.1479 2.7912
NYMEX Natural Gas 0.008 7.374
Graphs Oil Gas Spot and Futures prices
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Crude Oil, Gasoline and Natural Gas Futures
NYMEX Prices for September 18, 2007
NYMEX Light Sweet Crude 0.94 81.51
IPE Brent 0.61 77.59
RBOB Gasoline NY Harbor 0.0161 2.0603
Heating Oil NY Harbor 0.0136 2.2423
NYMEX Natural Gas -0.085 6.568
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Major fields in Petroleum Engineering

• Drilling Engineering
• Production Engineering
• Reservoir Engineering

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Major topics covered in this course (petroleum
engineering)

• Petroleum geology and reservoir
• Petroleum Prospecting
• Drilling engineering
• Reservoir engineering
• Formation evaluation
• Production engineering

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References

• Textbook 2 chapter 1
• Textbook 2
• Archer, J. S., and Wall, C.G., Petroleum
• Engineeringprinciples and practice, Graham
• Trotman, MD, 1986.
• Textbook 4 chapter 1
• Textbook 4
• Hyne,N.J., Petroleum Geology, Exploration,
• Drilling and Production, Penn Well Co.,
  Tulsa,
• Oklahoma, 2001.

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What is Petroleum Engineering

• Petroleum Engineering is a creative technology
• The function of petroleum engineering
• to provide a basis for the design and
  implementation of techniques to recover
  commercial quantities of natural petroleum.
• Broadly based technology of petroleum engineering
• Engineering geology mathematics physics
  chemistry economics geostatics.

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The design of petroleum techniques

• The design of petroleum techniques is based on
• observation of production performance,
• a representation of reservoir inferred from very
  limited sampling.
• With the passage of time and cumulative
  production, more information on the nature of the
  reservoir can be accumulated and the production
  methods can modified.

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Uncertainty of Design

• Thus petroleum engineering can represent an
  exercise in the application of uncertainty to
  design.
• The terminology of the subject contains varying
  degrees of confidence in representation of the
  in-place and recoverable resource base.
• We will discuss the representation of proven
  quantities of hydrocarbon in terms of
  availability of information and the existence of
  technology to exploit recovery on commercially
  attractive terms.

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Costs of production

• In the current climate of deeper reservoir
  exploration and increased exploitation of
  offshore reservoirs in the worlds sedimentary
  basins (Fig. 1.1), costs of production are
  significant.
• For example, in terms of pre-tax cost of oil
  production from a 2000 m ss onshore well compared
  with a 3000 m ss offshore well, a ratio of 110
  might be expected.
• Current exploration in maturing hydrocarbon
  provinces is centered on more subtle trapping
  mechanisms than structural highs and on smaller
  accumulations.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Improved
Hydrocarbon Recovery (IHR)

• The further recovery of hydrocarbons from
  reservoirs approaching the end of conventional
  development process requires the cost-effective
  application of enhanced (EOR) or improved
  hydrocarbon recovery (IHR) process.
• The exploitation of heavy oil (API gravity less
  than 20o API) and of gas condensate and volatile
  oil reservoirs (API gravity greater than 45o API)
  requires special petroleum engineering effort,
  particularly in high-pressure or offshore
  reservoirs.

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• Developments in the recovery of hydrocarbon from
  oil sands and oil shales require that petroleum
  engineering methods are combined with the
  technologies of mining engineers and chemical
  engineers.

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Text Books

• Textbook 1
• Fundamentals of Petroleum, Petroleum
  Extension Service, The University of Texas at
  Austin, Austin, Texas,1979.
• Textbook 2
• Archer, J. S., and Wall, C.G., Petroleum
  Engineeringprinciples and practice, Graham
  Trotman, MD, 1986.
• TextBook 3
• Donohue, D.A.T., and Lang K.R.,A First
  Course in Petroleum Technology, International
  Human Resources Development Corporation,
  Houston,1986.
• Textbook 4
• Hyne,N.J., Petroleum Geology, Exploration,
  Drilling and Production, Penn Well Co., Tulsa,
  Oklahoma, 2001.
• Textbook 5
• Devereux, S., Drilling Technology, Penn Well
  Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1999.

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Text Books

• ?????,???? (???) ????,,????????????????,?????,??
  ?, 2003?
• ?????,???? (???) ??????,,????????????????,?????,
  ???, 2003 ?
• ?????,???? (???) ????,????????????????,?????,???,
  2003 ?
• ?????,???? (???) ????,????????????????,?????,???
  , 2003 ?

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???? ????

• 1. ?? (Introduction)
• Textbook 2 chapter 1
• Textbook 4 chapter 1
• 2. ???????? (Petroleum Geology and Reservoir)
• Textbook 1 chapter 1
• Textbook 2 chapter 2
• Textbook 3 chapter 4.1 4.2
• 3.???? (Petroleum Prospecting)
• Textbook 1 chapter 2
• SPE Energy Education
• 4.???? (Drilling Engineering)
• Textbook 1 chapter 4
• Textbook 2 chapter 3 SPE Energy
  Education

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???? ????

• 5.???? (Formation Evaluation)
• Textbook 4 chapter 19
• 6.???? (Reservoir Engineering)
• Textbook 2 chapter 4 5 8 12
• 7.???? (Production Engineering)
• Textbook 1 chapter 5
• Textbook 3 chapter 3
• SPE Energy Education

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References

• Web sites
• ??????????-???? Classroom
• (http//www.cpc.com.tw/big5/content/index.asp?pno
  108)
• ????????????????
• (http//www.ncku.edu.tw/source/home/LAB4328B/Lab_
  index2.html)

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??????????-???? Classroom
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