4.2.

1
4.2. ????????? CYC
2
????????? CYC

• Lenat D.
• ????? ??????????? ??????
• ????? ? 1984
• 1 ???. ??????????? common sense
• ??????????? ????????????, ?????, ???????????
• ????????? 6 ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?
  ???????? ???????
• www.cyc.com

3
???????????? Cyc

• ?????? 80-? ?????
• Douglas Lenat ? ??????? Inman
• Microelectronics and Computer TechnologyCorporatio
  n
• C 1995 Cycorp

4
Cyc ? ?????????

• In philosophy, ontology is the study of being.
• In knowledge-based systems, an ontology is that
  part of the system which specifies what things
  exist what is true about them. Cycs ontology is
  essentially its whole knowledge base

5
Cyc symbolic AI

• ??? ??????????
• 400 000 ??????????? (1995) ?????, ???????
• Cyc is intended to provide a deep layer of
  understanding that can be used by other programs
  (such as domain-specific expert systems) to make
  them more flexible

6
????? ??????

• ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????????????????? ????????
• ?????? ?? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???
  ????????, ? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????
  ???????????
• ?? ??????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????,
  ????????????, ?????????
• ????????? ????? ?????????????????? ???????????,
  ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????

7
????? ?????? ????? ??????

• Napoleon died on St.Helena. Wellington was
  greatly suddened
• ?? ?????, ??? ?????????? ????? ? ??????
  ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?.?.

8
Knowledge pump

• 1) ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????, ???????,
  ??????, ??????, ??????? ?????????? ???
  ???????????? ?????
• 2) ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????, ?????
  ??????????? ???? ???? ??????
• 3) ????????????

9
????????????? ??????

• ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????
• ?? ??? ???????????? ??????, ????????,
  ?????????????? ???????
• ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????
• P(a1, an), S(P1,, Pm)

10
CycL ?????????

• ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????
• Walking
• Typewriter
• Individuals
• InternalRevenueService
• Walking 00036
• ????? ?????????? isa, likesAsFriend
• ????? ??????? GovernmentFn
• GovernmentOf (Canada))

11
????? ????????

• ?????????? ?????
• ??????? ?????????
• ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????
• Bow
• Bow-BoatPart
• BowTheWeapon
• Bowing-BodyMovement

12
?????????? ???? - 1

• ??????? ??????? ???? Green, GreenColor,
  Verde, Gruen, EMRG
• ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????
  (assertions)
• 1) (isa EMRG Color)
• 2) (colorOfObject Grass37 EMRG)
• 3) (forAll ?L (implies ( ?L Leaf)
  (colorOfObject ?L EMRG)))

13
?????????? ???? - 2

• LittleRedHairedGirlLikedByCharlieBrown
• FemaleChild
• hairColor
• RedHairColor
• CharlieBrown
• likesAsFriend

14
?????????

• ????? ?????????? predicate arity
• ????????????? ????? ??????????, ????? ?????
  ?????????? ??? different
• ???????? ????? ?? ?????? 5 ??????????
• ?????? ????????? ? ???????????? Cyc ?????? ?????
  ?????????? ????? ??????????

15
????????? ???? ??????????

• ???????????? ? ???????? ?????????
• arg1Isa, arg2Isa
• ???????? residesInDwelling
• (isa residesInDwelling BinaryPredicate)
• (arg1Isa residesInDwelling Animal)
• (arg2Isa residesInDwelling ShelterConstructi
  on)

16
???????

• ? ????????, ????????????? ????? ?????????? (?? 5)
• ???? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????? ??????????
  PlusFn
• ???? ??????????
• ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ?? ???? ??? ???
  ???? argsIsa
• ????????? ??? ?????????? - resultIsa

17
?????? ???????? ???????

• (arity GovernmentFn 1)
• (arg1Isa GovernmentFn GeopoliticalEntity)
• (resultIsa GovernmentFn RegionalGovernment)

18
??????????

• ???????? ?FOO
• ???? ? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????,
  ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
• ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????????????
  ????????????? ?????

19
??????? ? ?????

• ????? (terms)
• ?????????
• ??????????
• ???????
• ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???????
• ?????????? ??????? (Atomic Formula) ???????? ?
  ???????????? ???????????
• ??????? ??????? (Complex Formula) ????????
  ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????????

20
??????? ??????? ???????

• (likesAsFriend DouglLenat KeithGoolsbey)
• (skillCapableOf LinusVanPelt
  PlayingAMusicalInstrument )
• (colorOfObject ?CAR ?COLOR)
• ?????? ??? ??????? ground atomic formulas (GAF)

21
?????????? ?????????

• not, and, or, implies
• implies ??????? if-then
• implies
• ?????? ????? ??????????
• ?????? ????? ??????????

22
?????? ???????

• (implies
• (ownerOfObject Bike001 Fred)
• (colorOfObject Bike001 RedColor))
• ????????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???
  ?????? ???????? ????????

23
CycL ??????????????

• ForAll
• thereExists, thereExistsAtLeast,
  thereExistsAtMost, thereExistsExactly
• (forAll ?X
• (implies
• (owns Fred ?X)
• (objectFoundLocation ?X FredsHouse)))

24
?????? ? ????????????????

• (implies
• (isa ?P Person)
• (there ExistExactly 2 ?Leg)
• (and
• (isa ?Leg Leg)
• (anatomical Parts ?P ?Leg))))

25
CycL ???????? ??????????

• Microtheories
• 5 ???????? ??????????
• Default true
• Monotonically truetrue with no exceptions
• Default false
• Monotonically false
• unknown

26
??????????? (assertions)

• ?????? ??????????? ????????
• ???????
• ???????????
• ???????? ??????????
• ???????????
• ???????????

27
??????????? ? ???????? ??????????

• ??? ????? ??????????? monotonically true,
  ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????????????? ? ?????
  ??????
• ???? ??????????? ? ???????????, ?? ???? ?????????
  ??????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????????,
  ?? ??????
• ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ????????? ????????
  ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? - ??????

28
???????????

• ??????????, ????? ?????????? ????? ?
  ?????????????? ??????? ???????????
• Forward (????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????
  ??????????? ? ???? ??????)
• Backward (?????????? ??? ??????????? ???????)
• ?? ????????? GAFs forward, ??????? - backward

29
ASK ????????

• ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????.
  ????????
• ???????
• ???????????
• ???????????
• ????? ??????? (bindings)
• ??????????? ?? ???????
• ??????? ??????

30
?????? ASK

• (and
• (geographicalSubRegions ContinentOfEurope ?X)
• (headOfStateOf ?X ?Y))
• Direction backward
• Number 5
• Time 10
• Inference depth 3

31
???????? ????????

• Cyc Knowledge Server (???????????? ?????????????
  ?? ?????????????? ?????????)
• CycSecure ???????????? ?????????? ????????????
  ??????????? - ?????????
• CycAnswers - ???????????????

32
Cyc Knowledge Server

• Cyc Knowledge Base
• Cyc Inference Engine
• CycL Representation Language
• Natural Language Processing Subsystem
• Cyc Semantic Integrated Bus ????? ?????
  ????????????? ??????????? ???????? (???? ??????)
  ? Knowledge base
• Cyc Developer Toolsets

33
CycAnswers

• Semantic Knowledge Source Integrator ?????????
  ???????, ???????????? ???? ??????
• Integrity Auditor ?????? ????????????
  ??????????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ????????????
  ????????
• User Profiles ????????? ?? ????????????

34
?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????

• John washed the dishes on the table
• 1) John washed the dishes which are now on the
  table
• 2) John did the dishwashing on the table
• ??????? Cyc knows that dishwashing typically
  occurs in sinks or dishwashers, not on tables.

35
?????????? ??????????

• Fred went to the store, bought a candy bar with
  his credit card, walked to the park, and ate it.
• It - "store", "candy bar", "credit card", and
  "park" ?
• ??????? parks, stores, and credit cards aren't
  things which are normally eaten

36
OpenCyc

• http//opencyc.sourceforge.net
• 6 ????? ??????? - 60 ????? ????????
• Cyc Inference Engine
• Cyc Knowldege Browser
• ????????????
• ???????????? ????? CycL
• ??????????? CycL-to-Lisp, CycL-to-C

37
Upper Cyc Ontology (UCO)

• ???????? ??????????????? ?????????
• isa ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ??? ??????
  (isa X Y)
• genls ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????
  (genls X Y)

38
??????? ? ???????? - 1

• genls - ???????????
• (genls Dog Mammal) ?
• (genls Mammal Vertebrate)
• ???????
• (genls Dog Vertebrate)

39
??????? ? ???????? - 2

• isa ?????????????
• (isa Pufy Dog) ?
• (isa Dog BiologicalClass)
• ?? ???????
• (isa Pufy BiologicalClass)

40
???????? isagenlsisa

• (isa Pufy Dog) ?
• (genls Dog Mammal)
• ???????
• (isa Pufy Mammal)

41
??????????? top ontology

• ??? ??????? ???????
• ????? isa ?????????
• ????? genls
• Multiple-inheritance
• ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????

42
?????? skin

• Skin
• A (piece of) skin serves as outer protective and
  tactile sensory covering for (part of) an
  animal's body. This is the collection of all
  pieces of skin. Some examples include
  TheGoldenFleece (representing an entire skin of
  an animal) and (BodyPartFn YulBrynner
  Scalp) (representing a small portion of his
  skin).
• isa AnimalBodyPartType genls
  BiologicalLivingObject AnimalBodyPart
  SheetOfSomeStuff VibrationThroughAMediumSensor
  TactileSensor

43
??????? ? ??????