MIDTERM

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MIDTERM
BY BRANDON WILSON
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Directory

• Midterm review and Chapter 1 pages 3-132
• Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life 133-199
• Chapter 3 Cell Structure 200-286
• Chapter 4 Cells and Energy 287-335
• Chapter 5 Cell growth
• Chapter 8 DNA to Proteins

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1.Name this molecule which has a polar head and
two non-polar tails and is used to make cell
membranes.
4
Phospholipid
5
2.Molecules (like lipids) that are water
fearing and try to stay away from water and
other polar molecules are called_________________
__.
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Hydrophobic
7
3.Organisms like green plants that can make their
own food are called ________________.
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Autotrophs
9
4.A living thing can also be called a(n)
____________________.
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Organism
11
5. Name this molecule
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Glycoprotien (protein with a sugar attached)
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6. Tell the function of the molecule in previous
question.
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Cell to cell recognition
15
7.The nitrogen base that is NOT found in RNA is
_______________.Adenine Guanine Cytosine
Thymine Uracil
16
Thymine
17
8.The process in which cells change as they grow
to become different kinds of cells with different
functions is called_________________.
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Differentiation
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9.The name of the type of reproduction in which
genetic material from two parents is combined to
produce offspring.
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Sexual
21
10.The sum of all the chemical reactions that
build up and break down molecules in cells is
called_____________________.
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Metabolism
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11. Cells always try to maintain a stable
internal environment. This is called_____________
_______.
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Homeostasis
25
12. Which of the following molecules could you
join together to make a polysaccharide?
A B
C
D
26
D
27
13. A molecule with an uneven distribution of
electric charges (more positive on one side and
more negative on the other) is called____________
.
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Polar
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14.Which of the molecules below is an amino acid?
A B
C
D
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B
31
15. The monomers (subunits) used to make proteins
are________________.amino acids nucleic acids
sugars lipids nitrogen bases
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Amino acids (transfer RNA drops off)
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16. Which of the following molecules could you
use to build a DNA molecule?
A
B C
D
34
B- its a nucleotide
35
17.Animal cells store glucose in our tissues in
the form of________________.Starch glycogen
cellulose glycoproteins ATP
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Glycogen
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18. DNA and RNA are both_________________________
.Amino acids nucleic acids carbohydrates
lipids proteins
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Nucleic acids
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19. The branch of science that studies all living
things is called___________.
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Biology
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20. Water is a ________ molecule.Polar
non--polar
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Polar gives water properties like cohesion
adhesion and capillary action
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21. This type of chemical reaction is
called________________.
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Condensation/ dehydration reaction
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22. Humans are _____ and _____.Unicellular
AutotrophsOr
OrMulticellular Heterotrophs
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Multicellular Heterotrophs
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23 , 24, 25. Name 3 characteristics shared by all
living things.
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Demonstrates heridity (DNA)Made of
cellsResponds to stimuliMetabolism (require
energy)Maintain homeostasisReproduce (asexual
or sexual)Grow/evolve/adapt
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26. List the three parts of the Cell Theory
____________, ______________, _____________.
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Cell is smallest unit of life, all living things
made of cells, and all cells come from other
cells.
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27. Enzymes increase the rate of chemical
reactions by lowering the ______________
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Activation energy
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28. A substance that has a pH of 2 is ___________
times more/less acidic/basic than a substance
with a pH of 5.
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1000x, more acidic
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29. Name D in this diagram showing an enzyme
catalyzed reaction.
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Enzyme substrate complex
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30. If this molecule was a nucleotide of RNA,
tell one of the nitrogen bases that could be used
here.
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Adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil
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31. Most enzyme names end in the letters_______.
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Ase
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32. Which part of a phospholipid is polar?Head
Tails
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Head
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33. Name the circled organelle and give the
chemical equation of the reaction completed in
this location.
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Mitochondria
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34.The arrow is pointing to stacks called
________________ that are made up of individual
discs called ________________ that contain the
pigment ____________________.
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Grana, thylakoids, chlorophyll
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35. Membranes that allow certain substances to
pass through, but keep other out are said to be
SELECTIVELY_______________.
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Permiable
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36. Membrane proteins that pass all the way
through the cell membrane are called
____________________ proteins.
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Integral or channel proteins
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37. Any organism with a nuclear membrane and
membrane bound organelles is called a
_______________________.
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Eukaryote
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38. These circled organelles are called ______
and are used for ______.
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Centrioles, cell division-gt separate chromosome
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39. Which organelle acts as the UPS of the cell
to sort, modify, and package proteins and other
molecules for storage or transport out of the
cell?
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Golgi (ships vesicles)
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40. Which organelle synthesizes long chains of
this molecule?
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Ribosomes (synthesize means put together)
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41. Name this organelle and write the chemical
equation of the reaction completed here.
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Chloroplast Photosynthesis6CO26H2O?C6H12O66O2
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42. Define Biology.
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The study of life
83
43. Define cell
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Basic unit of life
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44. Define organism
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An individual animal, plant, or single-celled
life form
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45. Define metabolism
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The chemical processes that occur within a
living organism in order to maintain life
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46. What is DNA?
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is genetic cell of a cell
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47. What is homeostasis?
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Stable equilibrium between interdependent elements
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48. Define evolution
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Process in which living organisms are thought to
have developed and diversified from earlier forms
of life
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49. Define adaptation
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The action/process of adapting to the environment
around a living thing.
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50. What are the 7 characteristics of life?
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Composed of cellsRequires energyMaintains
HomeostasisReproduceDisplays heredityEvolve/ada
ptResponds to stimuli
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51. What is the scientific method?
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A process that is completed where knowledge is
obtained
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52. Define Independent variable
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A variable whose variation does not depend on
that of another
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53. Define dependent variable
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A variable whose value depends on that of another
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54. Define constant
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Occurs continuously during an experiment
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55. Define control
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Is base of the experiment
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56. Define theory
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Based on facts and is a fact that has not been
proven wrong
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57. What is spontaneous generation?
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The supposed production of living organisms
coming from non living matter.
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58. What did Spallanzani do?
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Disproved spontaneous generation Experiment- Had
2 flasks had one sealed and one open
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59. What did Redi do?
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Disproved abiogenesis by proving maggots come
from flies laying eggs not from rotting meat
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60. What did Needham do?
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Tested spontaneous generation and contradicted
spallanzanis work
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61. What did Pasteur do?
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Boiled broth with S curved flask and broke it to
disprove spontaneous generation
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62. What is a compound light microscope?
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Light microscope that has 2 lens.The ocular and
objective lens
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63. What is the total magnification equation?
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Ocular lens magnification multiplied by the
magnification of the objective lens
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64. Define resolution
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The ability of the microscope to differentiate
two objects when you view them on a specimen slide
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65. What are the parts of a light microscope and
their functions?
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EyepieceBody TubeCoarse Adjustment KnobFine
Adjustment KnobArmBaseLightStageStage
clipsNosepieceObjective lens
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66. What is SEM?
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Scanning electron microscope
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67. What is TEM?
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Transmission Electron Microscope
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Chapter 2- Chemistry of Life
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1. Define atoms
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The basic unit of a chemical element
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2. Define element.
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A substance that cannot be broken down by
chemical means and is made up of atoms with
identical of protons
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3. What are compounds?
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A material made up of 2 or more elements
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4. What is a chemical reaction?
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A process that involves rearrangement of the
molecular or ionic structure of a substance,
opposed to a change in physical form
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5. What is a reactant?
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A substance that undergoes a change
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6. What is a product?
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The result of a reaction
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7. What is bond energy?
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The amount of energy it takes to break a bond
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8. What does equilibrium mean?
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A state in which opposing forces or influences
are balanced
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9. What is activation energy?
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The energy it takes to start a reaction
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10. What is an exothermic reaction?
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A reaction that gives off heat
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11. What is an endothermic reaction?
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A reaction that takes in heat
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12. What is covalent bonding?
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A chemical reaction that involves sharing a pair
of electrons between atoms in a molecule
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13. What is ionic bonding?
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A chemical bond in which one atom loses an
electron and another atom gains an electron
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14. What is the pH scale?
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A scale that shows how acidic or basic a material
is 0-6 is acidic 7 is neutral and 8-14 is basic.
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15. What is an acid?
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A material that is 0-6 on pH scale
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16. What is a base?
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A material that is 8-14 on pH scale
166
17. What is the relationship between hydrogen
ions and pH?
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The more H added to a substance the more acidic
it becomes also the more OH- added to a substance
the more basic it becomes
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18. What is cohesion?
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The ability to co exist with the same substance
170
19. What is adhesion?
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The ability to stick to a different substance
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20. What is capillary action?
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The ability to draw a liquid due to surface
tension upwards against the force of gravity
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21. What is a solute?
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Substance dissolved in the solvent
176
22. What is a solvent?
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A substance that dissolves the solute
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23. What are the special properties of water?
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Cohesion, adhesion, capillary action, polar,
hydrogen bond and high boiling point
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24. What is a catalyst?
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A substance that increases the rate of a chemical
reaction without itself undergoing any permanent
chemical change
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25. What is a enzyme?
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A substance produced by a living thing or
organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a
specific reaction
184
26. What is a substrate?
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The substance on which an enzyme acts
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27. What is the picture below of?
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Lock-and-Key model
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28. What is a monomer?
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A molecule that can be bonded to other identical
molecules to for a polymer
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29. What monomers and types of bonds are in
proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids?
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Proteins- Amino acidsCarbohydrates-
MonosaccharidesLipids- Glycerol and fatty
acidsNucleic Acids- Nucleotides
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30. What is the picture below of?
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Amino acid
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31. What is the picture below of?
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Fatty acid
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32. What is the picture below of?
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Nucleic acid
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33. What is the picture below of?
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Phospholipid
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Chapter 3- Cell Structure and Function
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1. What is cell theory?
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Says that all living things are composed of at
least one cell
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2. What is cytoplasm?
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The gel like material with in a living cell
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3. What is an organelle?
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Structures within a living cell
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4. What is the difference between prokaryote and
eukaryote?
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Eukaryote has a nucleus but prokaryote does not
have a nucleus
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5. What did Robert Hooke do?
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Looked at a cork through a microscope and noticed
the cells in it
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6. What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek do?
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Is consider father of microscopy because of his
work on microscopes with new methods of grinding
and polishing tiny lenses of great curvature
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7. What did Matthias Schleidon do?
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Was co founder of cell theory
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8. What did Theodor Schwann do?
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Identified the cell as the basic structure of
plant and animal tissue
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9. What did Rudolf Virchow do?
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Built on the work of Theodor Schwann to prove
cell theory
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10. Define cytoskeleton?
220
Microscopic network of protein filaments and
tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells,
giving them shape and coherence
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11. What is a nucleus?
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A dense organelle present in most eukaryotic
cells, typically a single rounded structure
bounded by a double membrane, containing the
genetic material
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12. What does the endoplasmic Reticulum do?
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Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it and is
involved in protein and lipid synthesis
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13. What is a ribosome?
226
A minute particle consisting of RNA and
associated proteins, found in large numbers in
the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind
messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize
polypeptides and proteins
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14. What is the Golgi Apparatus?
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A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within
the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved
in secretion and intracellular transport. Is the
UPS of the cell
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15. What is a vesicle?
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Fluid/air filled sac
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16. What is a vacuole?
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Contains fluid
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17. What is mitochondria?
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The place where the process of respiration and
energy production occur
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18. What is a lysosome?
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Organelle in the cytoplasm containing enzymes
enclosed in a membrane
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19. What is a centriole?
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Involved in the development of spindle fibers in
cell division
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20. What is a cell wall?
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Rigid layer outside of the membrane in plant
cells that consists of cellulose
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21. What is chloroplast?
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Contains chlorophyll and where photosynthesis
takes place
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22. What is a cell membrane?
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Semi permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
of a cell
245
23. What is a phospholipid?
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Can form a lipid bilayer which is consisted in a
cell membrane has a polar head and a non polar
tail. Head is hydrophilic and tail is hydrophobic
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24. What is the fluid mosaic model?
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Model of cell membrane composed of lipid bilayer
with scattered protiens
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25. What is selectively permeable mean?
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Barrier that lets some material in and out
251
26. What is a receptor protein?
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A substance that lets a cell recognize things
253
27. What is cholesterol?
254
A sterol lipid, plays a central role in many
process, and as a lipoprotein that coats the wall
of blood vesses
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28. What are channel proteins?
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Trans membrane proteins found in the phospholipid
bilayer allow specific molecules to pass through,
thus crossing the membrane
257
29. What are integral proteins?
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Tran membrane protein that completely spans the
hydrophobic interior of the membrane
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30. What are peripheral proteins?
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Protein that is bound to the surface of the
membrane not embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
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31. What is passive transport?
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Transport of a substance across a cell membrane
by diffusion, use of energy is not required
263
32. What is diffusion?
264
The intermingling of substances by the natural
movement of their particles
265
33. What is a concentration gradient?
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The movement of a solute down its concentration
gradient is called diffusion
267
34. What is osmosis?
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Diffusion of molecules through a semi permeable
membrane from a place of higher concentration to
a place of lower concentration until the
concentration of both sides is equal
269
35. Define Isotonic
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Having the same or equal osmotic pressure
271
36. Define Hypertonic
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Having a higher osmotic pressure than a
comparison solution
273
37. Define Hypotonic
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Lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution
275
38. What is facilitated diffusion?
276
Transport of molecules across a membrane by
carrier or channel protein
277
39. What is active transport?
278
Movement of molecules across a cell membrane into
a region of higher concentration, requires energy
279
40. What is Endocytosis?
280
The taking in of matter by a living cell by
invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole
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41. What is phagocytosis?
282
Process where phagocytes engulf and digest
microorganisms
283
42. What is Pinocytosis?
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The ingestion of liquid into a cell by budding of
small vesicles from the cell membrane
285
43. What is exocytosis?
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A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole
are released to the exterior through the fusion
of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane
287
Chapter 4- Cells and Energy
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1. What is ATP?
289
Adenosine triphosphate major source of energy for
cellular reactions
290
2. What is ADP?
291
Adenosine diphosphate can be converted to ATP for
energy storage
292
3. How does ATP and ADP relate?
293
ATP is converted to ADP when a covalent bond is
broke
294
4. What is the difference between heterotrophs
and autotrophs?
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Autotrophs make their own energy heterotrophs
have to consume energy
296
5. What is photosynthesis purpose?
297
To make glucose from CO2 and H20 so plants can
produce energy
298
6. What is the overall equation of photosynthesis?
299
6CO26H20?C6H12O66O2
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7. What is a pigment?
301
A molecule that takes in light
302
8. What is the purpose of the 2 photosystems?
303
Photosystem 1- electron transferPhotosystem 2-
splitting of water molecule and generation of ATP
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9. What is chlorophyll?
305
Green pigment present in green plants for the
absorption of light to provide energy for
photosynthesis
306
10. What is a thylakoid?
307
Sacs inside a chloroplast bounded by pigmented
membranes on which the light reactions of
photosynthesis take place and are arranged into
stacks called grana
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11. What is the equation for light dependent
reactions?
309
ADP light NADP?ATP NADPH O2
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12. What is the equation for light independent
reactions?
311
ATP NADPH CO2? Glucose ADP NADPH
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13. What is stroma?
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The gel like material surrounding grana
314
14. What is the difference between grana and
granum?
315
Grana is one stackGranum is multiple stacks
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15. What is the calvin cycle?
317
Light independent reactions
318
16. What is the ETC?
319
Electron transport chain and is the end of
aerobic respiration
320
17. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
321
To produce usable energy from sugars
322
18. What is the overall equation for cellular
respiration?
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C6H12O66O2? 6H2O 6CO2 energy
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19. What is the equation for glycolysis?
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C6H12O62NAD 4ADP2ATP?2 pyruvate
2NADH4ATP2ADP
326
20. What is the equation for the Krebs cycle?
327
2CoA6NAD 2FAD 2ADP?4CO26NADH2FADH22ATP
328
21. What is the equation for ETC?
329
10 NADH 2FADH2 O2? 34ATPH2O10NAD 2FAD
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22. What is ATP synthase?
331
An enzyme that can synthesize ATP from ADP. It is
a axle that spins that turns the ADP and the
Inorganic phosphate together to make it ATP
332
23. What is the difference between aerobic and
anaerobic respiration?
333
Aerobic needs oxygen to function
334
24. Describe fermentation
335
Lactic and alcoholic fermentation.The chemical
breakdown of a substance by microorganisms
336
Chapter 5- Cell Growth and Division
337
1. Define cell cycle
338
The series of events that takes place in a cell
leading to its division and duplication.
339
2. What types of cells undergo mitosis?
340
Eukaryotic cells
341
3. What is mitosis?
342
A type of cell division that results in two
daughter cells each having the same number and
kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
343
4. What is cytokinesis?
344
The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of
mitosis or meiosis, so there is two daughter cells
345
5. What is a parent cell?
346
The original cell before cell division
347
6. What is a sister chromatid?
348
2 identical copies of a chromatin connected by a
centromere
349
7. How is cell sized limited?
350
Surface area to volume ratio limits it
351
8. What is a chromosome?
352
Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein
found in the nucleus of most living cells,
carrying genetic info in the form of genes
353
9. What is a histone?
354
Proteins found in a chromatin that the chromosome
wrapped around
355
10. What is a chromatin?
356
Chromosomes before they wrap around the histone
357
11. What is a chromatid?
358
Each of the 2 threadlike strands into which a
chromosome divides longitudinally during cell
division each contains a double helix of DNA
359
12. What is a centromere?
360
Where the 2 chromatid connect
361
13. What is a telomere?
362
The ends of the chromatid strands
363
14. What is interphase and what are the
checkpoints of it?
364
G1, S phase, and G2G1- cell increases in sizeS
phase- DNA instructions are duplicatedG2-Continue
to grow and produce new proteins
365
15. What is prophase?
366
First stage before cell division where
chromosomes become visible and chromatids
disappear
367
16. What is Metaphase?
368
2nd stage of cell division where chromosomes line
up in the middle of cell
369
17. What is anaphase?
370
3rd stage of Cell division where spindle fibers
start to separate chromatid
371
18. What is telophase?
372
The final phase of cell division between anaphase
and interphase in which chromatids move to
opposite ends of the cell and 2 nuclei are formed
373
19. What is the difference between cell division
in plants and animals?
374
A) Plant cells do not use a mitotic spindle to
separate chromosomes. B) Plant cells separate
chromosomes by attachment to the plasma
membrane. C) In a plant cell, there is no
nucleus around the chromosomes. D) There is no
DNA replication before cell division in plant
cells. E) Plant cells separate by growth of a
cell wall and membrane in the middle of the cell.
375
20. How do parent cells compare to daughter cells?
376
Identical
377
Chapter 8- From DNA to Proteins
378
1. What did Griffith do?
379
Found transforming principle
380
2. What did Avery do?
381
Continued with Griffiths work
382
3. What did Hershey and Chase do?
383
Confirmed that DNA is the genetic material
384
4. What is bacteriophage?
385
A virus at parasitizes a bacterium by infecting
it and reproducing inside it
386
5. What are nucleotides?
387
A compound consisting or a nucleoside linked to a
phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic
structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
388
6. Who discovered the DNA structure and what is
it?
389
Watson and CrickDouble helix
390
7. What is DNA composed of?
391
3 primary parts, two long polymers of simple
units called nucleotides, with backbones made of
(1) five-carbon sugars and (2) phosphate groups
joined by ester bonds (3) attached to each sugar
is one of four types of molecules called bases
(thymine and cytosine classified as pyrimidines
and guanine and adenine classified as purines).
It is the sequence of these four bases along the
backbone that encodes information in order to
manufacture proteins
392
8. What is Chargaffs rule?
393
ATCG
394
9. What did Watson and Crick do?
395
Discovered double helix using xray crystallography
396
10. What are the types of bonds in DNA?
397
Covalent and hydrogen
398
11. What is the structure of a nucleotide?
399

400
12. What is the structure of DNA?
401

402
13. What did Franklin do?
403
Really found out the structure of DNA first but
Watson and Crick stole it and were said to be the
actual discovers because franklin was a women
404
14. What is DNA replication and what are its
steps?
405
Dna strand unzips and on each side the dna is
duplicated with at and cg
406
15. What is DNA polymerase and what are the 2
functions of it?
407
An enzyme that carries out replicationSpeeds up
the polymerization and assembles the DNA