???(Allah)

1
??????

• ???-???
• ??
• ??????
• ???
• ???
• ????

2
????????

• ???(Allah)
• ???(??)
• ???
• ???
• ???
• ????????

3
???????

• ???(the Quran)
• ??(the Sunnah)???????
• ???????????
• ????????????,?????
• ???(Muslim) ??????,?????????????????????

4

• ????????????????????

• ???(Natural Law)
• ?????(Kantian Ethics)
• ?????
• ????(egoism)
• ?????(deontological)
• Prima facie???
• ?????(Consequentialism)
• ??(utility)
• ???
• ???

5
????????????????????

• ???(Natural Law)
• ?????????????,?????(???)???
• ???????,?????,???,Hugo Grotius?

6
????????????????????

• ?????(Kantian Ethics)
• ?????????
• ??????(1724-1804)lt???????gt

7
????????????????????

• ?????
• ???????????????????
• ????Thomas Hobbes, John Rawls

8
????????????????????

• ????(egoism)
• ????????????
• ??2??????
• ??????vs.???

9
?????????????

• ???????(psychological egoism)
• ???????(ethical egoism)

10
?????????

• g?G ?????
• b?G ?????
• g?B ?????
• b?B ?????
• g?b??"????"?"????"

• G?g ?????self-serving behavior
• B?g ?????
• G?b ???????
• B?b ???????
• G?B??"????"?"????"

11
????????????????????

• Prima facie???
• ??????????,??????????????
• ????W. D. Ross
• ??4??????

12
W. D. Ross ????????

• (1) ???????????????,????
• a.duties of fidelity(?????)?
• b.duties of reparation(?????)
• (2) ???????????,???duties of gratitude(?????)

13
W. D. Ross ????????

• (3) ????????????????,???duties of justice(?????)?
• (4)???????,???duties of beneficence(?????)
• (5)???????,???duties of self-improvement(???????)
• (6)??????,???duties of nonmalfeasance(??????)?

14
????????????????????

• ??(utility)?????????(????????????)
• ???????
• ?????????????
• ????John S. Mill, J. Bentham, G. E. Moore

15
??3????

• ????
• ???????????
• ?????????????????????????

16
????????????????????

• ???
• ?????????
• ?????????,E. Anscombe and Alasdair MacIntyre

17
????????????????????

• ???
• ??????,????????
• ????John Locke

18
????????????????????

• ????(deontological)
• ??????
• ????????
• ??????????
• ???????????

• ????(teleological)
• ??????
• ????????
• ?????????
• ??????????