The World of Physical Science

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The World of Physical Science
Chapter 1
Preview
Section 1 Exploring Physical Science Section 2
Scientific Methods Section 3 Scientific
Models Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Concept Mapping
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Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Bellringer
One afternoon you decide to pop some popcorn. You
put the bag in the microwave, but after a couple
of minutes of cooking, it is clear the popcorn is
not popping. Why did this happen? What steps
could you take to help locate the problem? Write
your answers in your science journal.
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Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Objectives

• Explain that science involves asking questions.
• Describe the relationship of matter and energy
  to physical science.
• Describe the two branches of physical science.
• Identify three areas of science that use
  physical science.

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Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Thats Science!

• Science is a process of gathering knowledge
  about the natural world.
• Everyday Science Learning to do everyday
  actions requires making observations and asking
  questions, which is what science is all about.

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Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
What is Physical Science?

• Physical science is the study of matter and
  energy
• Matter is the stuff everything is made of.
  Energy is the ability to do work.

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Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
What is Physical Science?

• A Study of Matter and Energy You will learn
  more about energy and matter as you explore
  physical science. Learning about matter and
  energy will help you answer questions such as
• Why will paper burn and gold will not?
• Why is throwing a bowling ball harder than
  throwing a baseball?
• How can water turn into steam and back into
  water?

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Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Branches of Physical Science

• Physical science is usually divided into
  chemistry and physics. Both of these can be
  further divided into specialized areas of study.
• ChemistryA Matter of Reactions! Chemistry is
  the study of al forms of matter, including how
  matter interacts with matter.
• PhysicsA Matter of Energy! Physics looks
  mostly at energy and the way that energy affects
  matter

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Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Physical Science All Around You

• What you learn about matter and energy is
  important for other science classes, too.
• Meteorology The study of the Earths
  atmosphere, especially in relation to weather and
  climate, is called meteorology.
• Meteorologists must understand high and low
  pressure, motion, and force before the can
  predict the weather.

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Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Physical Science All Around You, continued

• Geology The study of the origin, history, and
  structure of Earth is called geology.
• Geochemist are geologists who apply their
  knowledge of heat, force, and chemistry to
  understand how rocks and soil change over time.

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Section 1 Exploring Physical Science
Chapter 1
Physical Science All Around You, continued

• Biology Biology is the study of life.
  Chemistry and physics explain many things that
  happen in biology.
• A chemical reaction explains how animals use
  sugar and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and
  water and to release energy.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Bellringer
How can you prove that the world is not
flat? Write your answers in your science journal.
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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Objectives

• Explain what scientific methods are.
• Explain how scientific methods are used to
  answer questions.
• Describe how a hypothesis is formed and tested.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Objectives, continued

• Identify methods that are used to analyze data.
  
• Explain how a conclusion can support or disprove
  a hypothesis.
• List methods of communicating data.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
What Are Scientific Methods?

• The ways in which scientists answer questions
  and solve problems are called scientific methods.
  
• As scientists look for answers, they often use
  the same steps. But there is more than one way to
  use the steps. Scientists may repeat some steps
  or do them in a different order.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Ask a Question

• Asking a question helps focus the purpose of an
  investigation. Scientists often ask a question
  after making observations.
• An observation is any use of the senses to
  gather information.
• Observations should be accurately recorded so
  that scientists can use the information in future
  investigations.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Ask a Question, continued

• A Real-World Question Engineers are scientists
  who put scientific knowledge to practical human
  use.
• Engineers create technology. Technology is the
  application of science for practical purposes.
• For example, engineers Czarnowski and
  Triantafyllou studied the efficiency of boat
  propulsion systems.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Ask a Question, continued

• The Importance of Boat Efficiency Efficiency
  compares the energy used to move the boat forward
  with the energy supplied by the engine. Making
  boats more efficient would save fuel and money.
• Based on their observations, Czarnowski and
  Triantafyllou asked the question How can boat
  propulsion systems be made more efficient?

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Form a Hypothesis

• Once you have asked a question and made
  observations, you are ready to form a hypothesis.
• A hypothesis an explanation that is based on
  prior scientific research or observations that
  can be tested.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Form a Hypothesis, continued

• Nature Provides a Possible Answer Czarnowski
  studied penguins swimming and formed the
  hypothesis A propulsion system that mimics the
  way a penguin swims will be more efficient than a
  propulsion system that uses propellers.
• Make Predictions Before scientists test a
  hypothesis, they often make predictions that
  state what they think will happen during the
  actual test of the hypothesis.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Hypothesis
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Test the Hypothesis

• After you form a hypothesis, you must test it.
  Testing helps you find out if your hypothesis is
  correct or not.
• Keep It Under Control One way to test a
  hypothesis is to do a controlled experiment. A
  controlled experiment tests one variable at a
  time. By changing only the variable, scientists
  can see the results of just that one change.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Test the Hypothesis, continued

• Testing Proteus Czarnowski and Triantafyllou
  built a model penguin boat called Proteus to test
  their hypothesis.
• The engineers took Proteus into open water to
  collect data. Data are pieces of information
  acquired through observation or experimentation.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Analyze the Results

• Once you have your data, you must analyze them
  to find out whether the results support your
  hypothesis. The graphs below show the analysis of
  the tests done on Proteus.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Draw Conclusions

• At the end of an investigation, you must draw a
  conclusion. Your conclusion can help you decide
  what you do next.
• The Proteus Conclusion Czarnowski and
  Triantafyllou found that the penguin propulsion
  system was more efficient than a propeller
  system. So, they concluded that their hypothesis
  was supported.

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Section 2 Scientific Methods
Chapter 1
Communicate Results

• One of the most important steps in an
  investigation is to communicate your results
  accurately and honestly.
• Communicating About Proteus Czarnowski and
  Triantafyllou published their results in academic
  papers. They also displayed their project and its
  results on the Internet.

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Section 3 Scientific Models
Chapter 1
Bellringer
To teach cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),
instructors often use a mannequin to model a
human upper torso and head. Why do you think CPR
is taught with a model instead of a real human?
Would the class be as effective if a model were
not used? Explain your answer.
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Section 3 Scientific Models
Chapter 1
Objectives

• Explain how models are used to represent the
  natural world.
• Identify three types of scientific models.
• Describe theories and laws.

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Section 3 Scientific Models
Chapter 1
Types of Scientific Models

• A representation of an object or a system is
  called a model.

• Physical Models look like they thing they
  represent. For example, the model flower shown at
  right can be used to learn the parts of a real
  flower.

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Section 3 Scientific Models
Chapter 1
Types of Scientific Models, continued

• Mathematical Models are made up of mathematical
  equations and data. The weather map shown below
  is a mathematical model.

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Section 3 Scientific Models
Chapter 1
Types of Scientific Models, continued

• Conceptual Models are systems of ideas or are
  based on making comparisons with familiar things
  to explain an idea.
• The big bang theory explains the origin of the
  universe. This theory is an example of a
  conceptual model.

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Section 3 Scientific Models
Chapter 1
Models Are Just the Right Size

• Models are often used to represent things that
  are very small or very large.
• Models are useful for studying cells and
  particles of matter that are too small to see
  with the unaided eye.
• Models are also useful for studying objects that
  are too large to see completely, such as the
  Earth or the solar system.

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Section 3 Scientific Models
Chapter 1
Models Build Scientific Knowledge

• Models are often used to help illustrate and
  explain scientific theories.
• In science, a theory is a unifying explanation
  for a broad range of hypotheses and observations
  that have been supported by testing.
• Theories and models can change as new
  observations are made.

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Section 3 Scientific Models
Chapter 1
Models Build Scientific Knowledge, continued

• Scientific Laws When a theory and its models
  correctly predict the results of many different
  experiments, a scientific law could be formed.
• In science, a law is a summary of many
  experimental results and observations.
• Laws are not the same as theories. Laws tell you
  only what happens, not why it happens.

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Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Bellringer
How would a standard system of weights and
measures, agreed to and used around the world,
make life easier? Give examples. Write your
answers in your science journal.
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Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Objectives

• Identify tools used to collect and analyze data.
• Explain the importance of the International
  System of Units.
• Identify the appropriate units to use for
  particular measurements.
• Identify safety symbols.

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Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Tools in Science

• To get the best measurements, you need the
  proper tools. Stopwatches, metersticks,
  thermometers, and balances are examples of tools
  for measuring.
• Tools are also used to analyze data.
  Calculators, computers, and even pencils and
  paper, are tools you can use to analyze your data.

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Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Making Measurements

• The International System of Units (SI) is the
  current name for the metric system. It is used by
  most scientists and almost all countries. All SI
  units are based on the number 10.
• Length The basic SI unit of length is the meter
  (m). Other SI units of length are larger or
  smaller than the meter by multiples of 10.

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Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued

• Mass is the amount of matter that something is
  made of. The kilogram (kg) is basic SI unit for
  mass.
• Volume is the amount of space that something
  occupies. The volume of liquids are usually given
  in liters (L) or milliliters (mL). The volume of
  solids can be given in cubic meters (m3), cubic
  centimeters (cm3), or cubic millimeters (mm3).

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Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued

• Density is the amount of matter in a given
  volume. Density can be expressed in grams per
  milliliter (g/mL) or grams per cubic centimeter
  (g/cm3).
• The equation for calculating density is

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Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Measurement, continued

• Temperature is a measure of how hot (or cold)
  something is. Scientists often use degrees
  Celsius (C) as the unit for temperature. Kelvins
  (K), the SI base unit for temperature, is also
  used.
• Common SI units and their conversions are shown
  on the next slide.

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Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
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Chapter 1
Section 4 Tools, Measurement, and Safety
Safety Rules!

• Always follow your teachers instructions.
• Read lab procedures carefully and thoroughly.

• Pay special attention to safety information and
  know the safety symbols.

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The World of Physical Science
Chapter 1
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the Concept
Mapping on the next slide.
hypotheses conclusions observations scientists results scientific methods experiments

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The World of Physical Science
Chapter 1
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The World of Physical Science
Chapter 1