Chapter 9 LEARNING: Principals and Applications

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Chapter 9 LEARNING Principals and
Applications
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Learning a relevantly permanent change in
behavior that results from experience.
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Not all behaviors are learned the same way
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THREE BASIC TYPES OF LEARNING

• Classical Conditioning- response to a stimulus
• Operant Conditioning- rewards behavior
• Modeling- watching others

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
A Learning Proceedure that causes a subject to
learn a response to a stimulus that normally
does not cause that response.
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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
IVAN PAVLOV- scientist studying digestion

using dogs as subjects Became one of the
scientists of note studying Behaviorism
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Pavlovs Classical Conditioning Experiment
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Classical Conditioning Components
Neutral Stimulus (NS)- Has nothing to do with a
response before
conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- Something that
will lead to a
predictable response
Unconditioned Response (UCR)- Something that
occurs
naturally
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Ivan Pavlovs Classical Conditioning Experiment
To During
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Before Conditioning
back
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back
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During- Ivan Pavlovs Classical
Conditioning Experiment
To After
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The bell starts to become the Conditioned
Stimulus
back
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The Food remains an Unconditioned Stimulus
back
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The dogs salivation is starting to be
controlled by the sound of the bell but not
completely
back
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After- Ivan Pavlovs Classical Conditioning
Experiment
Done
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Conditioned Stimulus
back
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Food
Food remains an Unconditioned Stimulus Will
always cause a natural Uncontrolled response
back
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The dogs salivation now becomes the Conditioned
Response to the ringing bell.
back
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After Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- tuning fork/
Bell Conditioned Response (CR)- Salivation
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Generalization Discrimination only
Extinction CR does not happen due to lack of
UCS Spontaneous Recovery CR returns after Ucs
returns for awhile
or
CR
CR
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Taste Aversions
Becoming ill after eating and never being Able to
eat that food again..just the sight
makes you sick!!!!!
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Classical Conditioning
Acquisition of behavior
Extinction
Discrimination
Generalization
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Little Albert
Read case study on page 249 and answer the
following Questions

• 1 Did the results of the experiment support the
  hypothesis.
• 2 How did Alberts response become generalized
• 3 How were the principles of classical
  conditioning used to reduce Peters fear of
  rabbits
• 4 Would this work on an adult?

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Hypothesis
1 Did the results of the experiment support the
hypothesis.

• Most human behaviors and emotional reactions are
  built up of conditioned responses.

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• How did Alberts response
• become generalized

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• 3 How were the principles of classical
  conditioning used to reduce Peters fear of
  rabbits?

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• Would this work on an adult?
• Do you think this experiement was immoral?

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Operant Conditioning
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Learning from consequences of behavior

• Stray dog getting fed in a neighborhood
• Paying bills on time- good credit, dont lose
  house
• Getting attention for misbehaving- individual
• doesnt care what type of attention they get as
• long as they get it

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Cat Flushing the Toilet Video
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Differences between Classical and Operant
Conditioning
Stimulus is provided to condition behavior
Classical-
Behavior results from reward or punishment
Operant-
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B.F. Skinner
Psychologist famous for experiments in OPERANT
Conditioning
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Skinner determined that rewards and
punishments Shape behavior
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lever
Rat
An animal placed inside the box is rewarded with
a small bit of food each time it makes the
desired response, such as pressing a lever or
pecking a key. A device outside the box records
the animal's responses.
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Journal Entry 4

• Describe a time in your life when you learned how
  to do something. Describe the process that you
  went through to learn. After you describe the
  learning event determine which type of learning
  it was Classical Conditioning, Operant
  Conditioning, or a combination of the above.

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Reinforcement
A stimulus or event that follows a behavior that
either reinforces or discourages a behavior

• Important factor in operant conditioning is
• timing and frequency of reinforcement
• Partial schedule- when positive reinforcement
  occurs immediately but not every time
• Skinner learned of the effectiveness of partial
  reinforcement when the Skinner Box broke
• it is generally a more stable and longer lasting
  behavior

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4 Schedules of Reinforcement

• Fixed Ratio-
• Variable Ratio-
• Fixed Interval-.
• Variable-Interval-

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Two ways that stimuli can affect our behavior
1. Reinforcement
2. Punishment
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Reinforcement

• Stimulus or event that follows a response and
  increases the likelihood that the response will
  continue

2 types Positive and Negative
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(Removal)
Positive Reinforcement
When something the subject wants is rewarded
after the desired response.
Example Receiving a day off after coming to
work on time without missing
for 9 weeks straight
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(Removal)
Negative Reinforcement
When a painful or unpleasant stimulus is
removed It follows and negates (takes away)
something unpleasant
Example After successfully completing 15
problems showing your work you get to finish the
next 15 with a without it.
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Two Results of Negative Reinforcement

• Escape Conditioning
• Persons behavior causes an unpleasant event to
  stop.
• Child hates liver- Mom serves liver- Child gags
  and has fit- Mom removes liver
• Child will react this way every time food is
  served it doesnt like

• Avoidance Conditioning
• Persons behavior has the affect of preventing an
  unpleasant situation from happening
• Stretching the truth to avoid hurting someones
  feelings because you have seen them upset before

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Aversive Control
An unpleasant or (aversive) consequence that
follows an undesirable behavior
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2. Punishment

• Painful or unpleasant stimulus is applied.

Most obvious aversive control method

• Punishers include but are not limited to
• Spanking
• Yelling
• Evil eye
• Cold shoulder

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Disadvantages of Aversive Control

• Can produce rage, aggression and fear which can
  lead to other behavior problem- children who are
  abused grow up to be abusers..also abusive to
  other children
• People will learn to avoid the person delivering
  the aversive stimuli- can cause relationship
  problems

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Punishment alone is not an effective way to
teach.. Without positive coaching and modeling
of acceptable behaviors the child may never learn
the correct behavior.
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Learning Complicated Skills
Shaping- process of reinforcement used to
sculpt behavior
reward each segment of behavior that is
in the direction of the desired behavior
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• Response Chains- Combining responses to
• perform a skill
• Each response produces a signal for the next
• Hammering a nail
• Pick up hammer
• Pick up nail
• Position nail
• Hit nail

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Response Pattern
when you combine response chains ex Swimming-
arm chain- kicking chain- breathing chain
Breathing chain
Arm movement chain
Kicking chain
Swimming
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Factors that affect Learning

1. Feedback- results from tests or listening to
   yourself sing

2. Transfer- A skill you have already learned
helps or hinders you in learning a new one
Positive- helps Negative- hurts
3. Practice- Repetition of a task helps
reinforce learning Example playing a few
measures over and over instead of playing the
whole song
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• Learned Laziness
• rewards come with little effort,
• person never learns to work- when
• it gets hard they dont give effort
• necessary to learn

Report Card 1st-6th grade A
Report Card 7th-8th grade C -/D
Report Card 11th grade F
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5. Learned Helplessness

• Negative results no matter how hard
• learner tries.
• This condition results
• when repeated attempts to control a
• situation fail, resulting in the belief the
• situation is uncontrollable
• Person gives up
• Can be a source of depression

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Social Learning
The process of learning from observing and
imitating others in ones social environment
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• Learning by reacting to others--------
• Modeling- doing what you see others do
• i.e., clapping in church
• Observational learning- Imitating (dancing)
• Disinhibition- Watching others in a threatening
• activity without
  negative consequence
• might make it
  easier to try later
• i.e, going off of the
  diving board
• for the first time

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Cognitive Learning Learning that focuses on how
information is obtained mentally..
Cognitive map a mental picture
which results in Latent Learning
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Behavior Modification Application of learning
principles to change peoples actions and
feelings

• Computer-Assisted Instruction
• Token Economies
• Self Control- self discipline- setting up
  personal
• rewards and punishments-
• reading one more page- running 10 more
  yards,
• answering one more question
• keeping track of behaviors (weight loss,
  smoking)

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Behavioral Experiment Ideas
Project Ideas Human Behavior Does smell affect
memory? Does color affect memory? Do different
smells affect blood pressure? Do different
smells affect heart rate? Does being scared
affect blood pressure? How do different types of
food affect memory? The effects of visual aid on
memory. Which helps memory more visual or audio
information? Does the color of print affect
reading comprehension? Does music affect
concentration? Does music affect mood? Does
weather affect mood? Does sleep affect
concentration? Does temperature affect
concentration? Does physical exercise affect
learning ability? Does age affect reaction time?
Does temperature affect reaction time? Is
reaction time quicker in response to sight or
touch? Can people distinguishing low-fat foods
from fatty foods? Can males or females determine
the direction of sound better? Does laughter
affect mood? Does laughter affect blood
pressure? Does lying affect blood pressure? Is
yawning contagious? Does age affect the average
volume at which people listen to music?