principles of microeconomics introduction WEBsite: http://scholar.harvard.edu/alada/classes/microeconomics-harvard-kennedy-school-mcmpa-students

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principles of microeconomicsintroductionWEBsite
http//scholar.harvard.edu/alada/classes/microec
onomics-harvard-kennedy-school-mcmpa-students

• Akos Lada

July 18, 2014
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Contents

1. Courses objectives and contents
2. Key economic principles

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Course objectives and Contents
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Course objectives

• (re) Introduce you to Economics and its public
  policy applications
• Familiarize you with Econ vocabulary and tools
• The course focuses on Microeconomics
• It is NOT meant to replace a full-semester course
  in Microeconomics

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Webpage

• Instructions on how to access the course webpage
  can be found on the syllabus
• Every day after 5 PM you will find on the webpage
  the following days Power Point slides
• You can also find here the syllabus, the reading
  lists, assignments, and other reference materials

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Class meetings

• Meets punctually from 900 to 1030 AM from
  Monday to Friday, except for Wednesdays
• Active participation of all members of the
  section (not just of a few!) is expected

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Assignments

• READINGS
• Textbook
• Principles of Economics (N. Gregory Mankiw), any
  from 3rd to 6th editions
• Articles
• Current events or stories related to each of the
  topics we study
• Presentations
• Present a current article (e.g. The Economist,
  your own countrys media) in 5 minutes (a few
  minutes discussion)

• WRITTEN ASSIGNMENTS
• For almost every session (total of 10) a problem
  of the day
• Key for your learning experience in this course
• To be handed out at the end of each class
• Students can work in groups but must turn in
  individual assignments
• Both problems of the day and Fridayly problem
  sets (posted Tuesdays)

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Exams

• A take-home midterm
• 2 to 4 hours of focused individual work
• Handed out on Tuesday, July 29th
• To be turned in on Monday, August 1st
• Final exam
• Tuesday, August 12th
• 90 Minutes long, closed book

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Evaluation and feedback

• No official grade
• However
• You will receive graded assignments with feedback
  and answer keys the day after turning them in
• Tests will also be graded in a 100 scale
• Sections average grades will be posted on the
  website for your reference

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Tentative course contents
Intro

1. Key economic concepts
2. Demand, Supply and Equilibrium
3. Comparative Statics
4. Elasticity

1. Government interventions (taxes, subsidies and
   price controls)
2. Welfare analysis
3. (Possibly) Poverty and Inequality

1. Production
2. Competition and Monopolies
3. Externalities
4. Public Goods

1. Final Review
2. The frontiers of Micro-economics

Fall Semester
WEEK 1 Firms and Consumers
WEEK 2 The Government and the Economy
WEEK 4 Additional topics and final review
WEEK 3 Markets in Action
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Key Economic Principles
Slides from Mankiws Principles of Economics
Teaching Companion
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What Economics Is All About
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• Scarcity the limited nature of societys
  resources
• Economics the study of how society manages its
  scarce resources, e.g.
• how people decide what to buy, how much to work,
  save, and spend
• how firms decide how much to produce, how many
  workers to hire
• how society decides how to divide its resources
  between national defense, consumer goods,
  protecting the environment, and other needs

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The principles of HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS
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Principle 1 People Face Tradeoffs

• All decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples
• Going to a party the night before your midterm
  leaves less time for studying.
• Having more money to buy stuff requires working
  longer hours, which leaves less time for leisure.
• Protecting the environment requires resources
  that could otherwise be used to produce
  consumer goods.

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Principle 1 People Face Tradeoffs

• Society faces an important tradeoff
  efficiency vs. equality
• Efficiency when society gets the most from its
  scarce resources
• Equality when prosperity is distributed
  uniformly among societys members
• Tradeoff To achieve greater equality, could
  redistribute income from wealthy to poor. But
  this may reduce incentive to work and produce,
  shrinks the size of the economic pie.

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Principle 2 The Cost of Something Is What You
Give Up to Get It

• Making decisions requires comparing the costs and
  benefits of alternative choices.
• The opportunity cost of any item is whatever
  must be given up to obtain it.
• It is the relevant cost for decision making.

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Principle 2 The Cost of Something Is What You
Give Up to Get It

• Examples The opportunity cost of
• going to college for a year is not just the
  tuition, books, and fees, but also the foregone
  wages.
• seeing a movie is not just the price of the
  ticket, but the value of the time you spend in
  the theater.

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Principle 3 Rational People Think at the Margin

• Rational people
• systematically and purposefully do the best they
  can to achieve their objectives.
• make decisions by evaluating costs and benefits
  of marginal changes incremental adjustments to
  an existing plan.

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Principle 3 Rational People Think at the Margin

• Examples
• When a student considers whether to go to college
  for an additional year, he compares the fees
  foregone wages to the extra income he could earn
  with the extra year of education.
• When a manager considers whether to increase
  output, she compares the cost of the needed labor
  and materials to the extra revenue.

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Principle 4 People Respond to Incentives

• Incentive something that induces a person to
  act, i.e. the prospect of a reward or punishment.
  
• Rational people respond to incentives.
• Examples
• When gas prices rise, consumers buy more hybrid
  cars and fewer gas guzzling SUVs.
• When cigarette taxes increase, teen smoking
  falls.

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The principles of HOW PEOPLE INTERACT
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Principle 5 Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off

• Rather than being self-sufficient, people can
  specialize in producing one good or service and
  exchange it for other goods.
• Countries also benefit from trade
  specialization
• Get a better price abroad for goods they produce
• Buy other goods more cheaply from abroad than
  could be produced at home

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Principle 6 Markets Are Usually A Good Way to
Organize Economic Activity

• Market a group of buyers and sellers (need not
  be in a single location)
• Organize economic activity means determining
• what goods to produce
• how to produce them
• how much of each to produce
• who gets them

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Principle 6 Markets Are Usually A Good Way to
Organize Economic Activity

• A market economy allocates resources through the
  decentralized decisions of many households and
  firms as they interact in markets.
• Famous insight by Adam Smith in The Wealth of
  Nations (1776)
• Each of these households and firms acts as if
  led by an invisible hand to promote general
  economic well-being.

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Principle 6 Markets Are Usually A Good Way to
Organize Economic Activity

• The invisible hand works through the price
  system
• The interaction of buyers and sellers determines
  prices.
• Each price reflects the goods value to buyers
  and the cost of producing the good.
• Prices guide self-interested households and firms
  to make decisions that, in many cases, maximize
  societys economic well-being.

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Principle 7 Governments Can Sometimes Improve
Market Outcomes

• Property rights
• Market failure when the market fails to
  allocate societys resources efficiently
• Causes
• Externalities, when the production or consumption
  of a good affects bystanders (e.g. pollution)
• Market power, a single buyer or seller has
  substantial influence on market price (e.g.
  monopoly)
• In such cases, public policy can promote
  efficiency.

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The Economist as a Scientist
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• Economists play two roles
• 1. Scientists try to explain the world
• 2. Policy advisors try to improve it
• In the first, economists employ the scientific
  method, the dispassionate development and
  testing of theories about how the world works.

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Assumptions Models
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• Assumptions simplify the complex world, make it
  easier to understand.
• Example To study international trade, assume
  two countries and two goods.
• Unrealistic, but simple to learn and gives
  useful insights about the real world.
• Model a highly simplified representation of a
  more complicated reality. Economists use models
  to study economic issues.

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Some Familiar Models
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Our First Model The Circular-Flow Diagram
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• The Circular-Flow Diagram a visual model of the
  economy, shows how dollars flow through markets
  among households and firms
• Two types of actors
• households
• firms
• Two markets
• the market for goods and services
• the market for factors of production

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Factors of Production
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• Factors of production the resources the economy
  uses to produce goods services, including
• labor
• land
• capital (buildings machines used in production)

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The Circular-Flow Diagram

• Households
• Own the factors of production, sell/rent them to
  firms for income
• Buy and consume goods services

• Firms
• Buy/hire factors of production, use them to
  produce goods and services
• Sell goods services

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The Circular-Flow Diagram
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principles of microeconomicsintroduction

• Akos Lada

July 18, 2014