Kein Folientitel

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Oceanographic Timeseries a global array and the
ANIMATE example

Uwe Send, IfM Kiel
ESONET meeting, April 2003
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Some of our most important knowledge about the
functioning of the oceans comes from long
timeseries of data
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Some of our most important knowledge about the
functioning of the oceans comes from long
timeseries of data
TAO temperatures in eastern Pacific
(courtesy M.McPhaden)
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Norwegian Sea 2000m temperatures
Gulf Stream transport and NAO indices from
decadal timeseries at Bermuda and OWS BRAVO
(Labrador Sea)
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Need to assure continuation and extension of
global timeseries observations to address the
needs of research, climate change detection,
operational applications, and policy makers.

• Science applications (monitor, detect, understand
  and predict)
• CO2 uptake by the ocean
• biological productivity, biomass, ecosystem
  variables and fluxes
• air-sea fluxes
• thermohaline changes, water mass transformation
• rapid or episodic changes (mixed-layer, blooms,
  convection, MOC, etc)
• mass/heat transports (boundary current,
  over/throughflows, MOC)
• geophysics

• Operational applications
• input data for forecasting systems (in-situ
  biogeochemical)
• constraints (e.g. transports) for assimilation
  runs
• detection of events
• validation of products

• Technical applications (reference/calibrate/verify
  /...)
• air-sea fluxes
• remotely sensed variables (SST, wind, color)
• sensor calibration (VOS, T/S of floats, ...)
• model statistics, physics and parameterizations
  (and their variability)
• providing sound signals for float naviation,
  acoustic tomography
• testbed for new instrumentation

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With this scope, timeseries observations
complement naturally the other elements of the
global observing system (satellites, floats, VOS,
sealevel, coastal buoynetworks), filling a gap
that no other system can provide. ? GOAL Build
a global network of multidisciplinary timeseries
sites

• Use autonomous moored sensors where possible
• advanced quantities still require
  ship-board sampling
• resolve variability of interest, avoid aliasing

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Observations of air-sea heatflux,
precipitation/evaporation, wind
stress (high-accuracy reference sites)

This figure shows the heat loss maximum over
the Gulf Stream, a region for which meteorological
models cannot well reproduce the surface heat
flux.
Flux reference moorings would be extremely
valuable here.
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Example Water mass formation (deep convection)
variability in the Labrador Sea (long-term
moorings of IfM Kiel)

Time-depth plot of temperature in central
Labrador Sea over 7 years
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Observing the linkages between physical/climatic
and biogeochemical conditions and variability

Example from the Arabian Sea Monsoon
winds, chlorophyll, heating rate at 10m modulated
by biology and mixed-layer depth (white
line). Effects of monsoons and eddies
visible. (from T.Dickey)
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Observing the relationship between upper-layer
ecosystem productivity and downward carbon export

Example of downward organic carbon flux
1989-2000 in Porcupine Abyssal Plain (from
R.Lampitt)
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Benefits and added value of a coordinated global
system

• linking up changes at different locations
• detecting patterns
• understanding differences between regimes
• spreading/propagation of signals/changes
• harmonize/share technologies
• cross-community synergy, linked variables
• common data management and access
• common advocacy

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A number of the sites relate to elements of the
global thermohaline circulation system

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Example transport sites for the thermohaline
circulation
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Example CLIVAR deep thermohaline transport array
(IfM Kiel)

Location of section off lesser Antilles
Instrumentation on section density and bottom
pressure sensors for geostrophic transports,
tomography for heat content
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Flow through critical straits, passages, and
choke points

As an example, the Indonesian passages
provide the crucial exchange between Pacific and
Indian Ocean and need to be monitored. Other
sites Gibraltar, Drake Passage,
subpolar N.Atlantic (separate slide)
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Example variability in carbon uptake
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Example Coordinated ecosystem changes (Chavez
et al)
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Surface chlorophyll from CZCS Vertical
distribution of Chl from 21,000 profiles Mixed
layer depth from NOAA-NODC archive Surface
nutrients Brunt-Vaisala
57 provinces on the basis of
Longhurst 1995
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? A global ocean timeseries observatory system
is now under development

• A GOOS/CLIVAR/POGO sponsored (via OOPC/COOP)
  activity
• The system is multidisciplinary in nature,
  providing physical, meteorological,
• chemical, biological and geophysical
  timeseries observations
• Goal is to make the data are publicly
  available as soon as received and
  quality-controlled by the owner/operator
• An international Science Team provides
  guidance, coordination, outreach, and
• oversight for the implementation, data
  management and capacity building
• A pilot system (2001-2006) has been defined
  consisting of all operating sites
• and those planned to be established within 5
  years, subject to evaluation in
• terms of the qualifying criteria by the
  Science Team.

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Definition of an ocean timeseries site in the
global system (requirements)

• Sustained in-situ observations at fixed
  geographic locations of ocean/climate related
• quantities at a sampling rate high enough to
  unambiguously resolve the signals of interest.
• Transport sections using whatever technique
  are included in choke points and major
• boundary current systems (moorings, gliders,
  ship ADCP, tomography, etc)
• Coastal timeseries are included when they are
  instrumented to have multidisciplinary
• impact on the global observing system and if
  they are not part of a national coastal buoy
• network.
• Any implemented site fulfilling criteria will
  become part of the system but has to deliver
• its data into the system and to demonstrate
  successful operation and value after 5 years.
• Real-time data telemetry of operational
  variables will be pursued, i.e.make effort if
• technically feasible
• Data should be made public in near real-time
  for real-time data or as soon as processed
• and post-calibrated for other data

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Common data access

• develop a common data format for
  multidisciplinary timeseries data (2003)
• establish global data centers (1-2 US, 1
  Europe, 1 Japan) (2004)
• start by merging data from TAO/TRITON/PIRATA,
  Bermuda, Hawaii, MBARI, ANIMATE, HiLats
• define quality control standards
• work with programs/P.I.s to gradually include
  real-time and delayed-mode data from all sites

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Initial map of the pilot timeseries observatory
system

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Mooring status and plan for Indian Ocean
(Masumoto et al)
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www.oceantimeseries.org (next week)
Contacts rweller_at_whoi.edu usend_at_ifm.uni-kiel.de
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Example EU project ANIMATE
An envisioned N.Atlantic carbon observingsystem
Objectives - Implement a European timeseries
infrastructure - Establish three
multi-disciplinary open-ocean observatory
sites - Contribute to a N.Atlantic carbon
observing system - Physical,CO2, nitrate,
fluorescence sensors, sediment traps,
telemetry Partners from Kiel, Bremen,
Southampton, Canary Islands, Iceland Start 1
Dec 2001
Coordination IfM Kiel, total funding
2.5MEuro
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Typical telemetry mooring design in ANIMATE
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6 months of real-time microcat data from the
Irminger Sea
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• Suggestions for ESONET
• keep in mind the open-ocean/global-relevance
  scientific applications
• look for the right mix of coastal, regional and
  open-ocean stations to address a maximum of
  scientific issues
• try to contribute to a global network
• examples for European waters - cover
  oceanographic provinces - water mass
  formation regions Norwegian/Greenland Sea
  (station MIKE), Gulf of Lions, Levantine
  Basin - Denmark Strait, Strait of Gibraltar,
  etc - passages and straits in shelf seas
  (e.g. Baltic)