Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity

Description:

Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity Chapter 11 – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:244
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 46
Provided by: You
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity


1
Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
  • Chapter 11

2
Natural Capital Degradation The Nile Perch
3
We Have Much to Learn about Aquatic Biodiversity
  • Greatest marine biodiversity
  • Coral reefs
  • Estuaries
  • Deep-ocean floor
  • Biodiversity is higher
  • Near the coast than in the open sea
  • In the bottom region of the ocean than the
    surface region

4
Human Activities Are Destroying and Degrading
Aquatic Habitats
  • Habitat loss and degradation
  • Marine
  • Coastal
  • Ocean floor effect of trawlers
  • Freshwater
  • Dams
  • Excessive water withdrawal

5
Natural Capital Degradation Area of Ocean Bottom
Before and After a Trawler
6
Invasive Species Are Degrading Aquatic
Biodiversity
  • Invasive species
  • Threaten native species
  • Disrupt and degrade whole ecosystems
  • Three examples
  • Water hyacinth Lake Victoria (East Africa)
  • Asian swamp eel waterways of south Florida
  • Purple loosestrife indigenous to Europe
  • Treating with natural predatorsa weevil species
    and a leaf-eating beetleWill it work?

7
Invasive Water Hyacinths
8
Science Focus How Carp Have Muddied Some Waters
  • Lake Wingra, Wisconsin (U.S.) eutrophic
  • Contains invasive species
  • Purple loosestrife and the common carp
  • Dr. Richard Lathrop
  • Removed carp from an area of the lake
  • This area appeared to recover

9
Lake Wingra in Madison, Wisconsin (U.S.)
10
Population Growth and Pollution Can Reduce
Aquatic Biodiversity
  • Nitrates and phosphates mainly from fertilizers
    enter water
  • Leads to eutrophication
  • Toxic pollutants from industrial and urban areas

11
Hawaiian Monk Seal
12
Climate Change Is a Growing Threat
  • Global warming sea levels will rise and aquatic
    biodiversity is threatened
  • Coral reefs
  • Swamp some low-lying islands
  • Drown many highly productive coastal wetlands
  • New Orleans, Louisiana, and New York City

13
Science Focus Protecting and Restoring Mangroves
  • Protect and restore mangroves
  • Reduce the impact of rising sea levels
  • Protect against tropical storms and tsunamis
  • Cheaper than building concrete sea walls
  • Mangrove forests in Indonesia

14
Overfishing and Extinction Gone Fishing, Fish
Gone
  • Marine and freshwater fish
  • Threatened with extinction by human activities
    more than any other group of species
  • Commercial extinction
  • Collapse of the cod fishery and its domino effect
  • Bycatch

15
Natural Capital Degradation Collapse of the Cod
Fishery Off the Canadian Coast
16
Case Study Industrial Fish Harvesting Methods
  • Trawler fishing
  • Purse-seine fishing
  • Longlining
  • Drift-net fishing

17
Major Commercial Fishing Methods Used to Harvest
Various Marine Species
18
Legal Protection of Some Endangered and
Threatened Marine Species
  • Why is it hard to protect marine biodiversity?
  • Human ecological footprint and fishprint are
    expanding
  • Much of the damage in the ocean is not visible
  • The oceans are incorrectly viewed as an
    inexhaustible resource
  • Most of the ocean lies outside the legal
    jurisdiction of any country

19
Case Study Protecting Whales A Success Story
So Far
  • Cetaceans Toothed whales and baleen whales
  • 1946 International Whaling Commission (IWC)
  • 1970 U.S.
  • Stopped all commercial whaling
  • Banned all imports of whale products
  • 1986 moratorium on commercial whaling
  • Pros
  • Cons

20
Examples of Cetaceans
21
Norwegian Whalers Harpooning a Sperm Whale
22
Economic Incentives Can Be Used to Sustain
Aquatic Biodiversity
  • Tourism
  • Economic rewards
  • Reconciliation ecology

23
Case Study Holding Out Hope for Marine Turtles
  • Carl Safina, Voyage of the Turtle
  • Studies of the leatherback turtle
  • Threats to the leatherbacks
  • Trawlers
  • Pollution
  • Climate change
  • Communities protecting the turtles

24
An Endangered Leatherback Turtle is Entangled in
a Fishing Net
25
Marine Sanctuaries Protect Ecosystems and Species
  • Offshore fishing
  • Exclusive economic zones
  • High seas
  • Law of the Sea Treaty
  • Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

26
Establishing a Global Network of Marine Reserves
An Ecosystem Approach (1)
  • Marine reserves
  • Closed to
  • Commercial fishing
  • Dredging
  • Mining and waste disposal
  • Core zone
  • No human activity allowed
  • Less harmful activities allowed
  • E.g., recreational boating and shipping

27
Establishing a Global Network of Marine Reserves
An Ecosystem Approach (2)
  • Fully protected marine reserves work fast
  • Fish populations double
  • Fish size grows
  • Reproduction triples
  • Species diversity increase by almost one-fourth

28
Protecting Marine Biodiversity Individuals and
Communities Together
  • Integrated Coastal Management
  • Community-based group to prevent further
    degradation of the ocean

29
An Atoll of Australias Great Barrier Reef
30
Estimating and Monitoring Fishery Populations Is
the First Step
  • Maximum sustained yield (MSY) traditional
    approach
  • Optimum sustained yield (OSY)
  • Multispecies management
  • Large marine systems using large complex
    computer models
  • Precautionary principle

31
Some Communities Cooperate to Regulate Fish
Harvests
  • Community management of the fisheries
  • Comanagement of the fisheries with the government

32
Government Subsidies Can Encourage Overfishing
  • 2007 World Trade Organization, U.S.
  • Proposed a ban on fishing subsidies
  • Reduce illegal fishing on the high seas and in
    coastal waters
  • Close ports and markets to such fishers
  • Check authenticity of ship flags
  • Prosecution of offenders

33
Some Countries Use the Marketplace to Control
Overfishing
  • Individual transfer rights (ITRs)
  • Control access to fisheries
  • New Zealand and Iceland
  • Difficult to enforce
  • Problems with the ITR approach

34
Consumer Choices Can Help to Sustain Fisheries
and Aquatic Biodiversity
  • 1997 Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), London
  • Supports sustainable fishing
  • Certifies sustainably produced seafood
  • Manage global fisheries more sustainably
  • Individuals
  • Organizations
  • Governments

35
Solutions Managing Fisheries
36
Coastal and Inland Wetlands Are Disappearing
around the World
  • Highly productive wetlands
  • Provide natural flood and erosion control
  • Maintain high water quality natural filters
  • Effect of rising sea levels

37
We Can Preserve and Restore Wetlands
  • Laws for protection
  • Mitigation banking
  • Ecologists argue this as a last resort

38
Natural Capital Restoration Wetland Restoration
in Canada
39
The Worlds Largest Restoration Project
40
Case Study Can the Great Lakes Survive Repeated
Invasions by Alien Species?
  • Collectively, worlds largest body of freshwater
  • Invaded by at least 162 nonnative species
  • Sea lamprey
  • Zebra mussel
  • Good and bad
  • Quagga mussel
  • Asian carp

41
Zebra Mussels Attached to a Water Current Meter
in Lake Michigan, U.S.
42
Managing River Basins Is Complex and
Controversial
  • Columbia River U.S. and Canada
  • Dam system
  • Pros and cons
  • Snake River Washington state, U.S.
  • Hydroelectric dams
  • Pros and cons

43
Natural Capital Ecological Services of Rivers
44
We Can Protect Freshwater Ecosystems by
Protecting Watersheds
  • Freshwater ecosystems protected through
  • Laws
  • Economic incentives
  • Restoration efforts
  • Wild rivers and scenic rivers
  • Sustainable management of freshwater fishes

45
We Need to Set Priorities for Protecting
Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services
  • 2002 Edward O. Wilson
  • Complete the mapping of the worlds terrestrial
    and aquatic biodiversity
  • Keep old-growth forests intact cease their
    logging
  • Identify and preserve hotspots and deteriorating
    ecosystem services that threaten life
  • Ecological restoration projects
  • Make conservation financially rewarding
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com