Relations between PM and persistent toxic substances

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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Relations between PM and persistent toxic
substances Alexey Ryaboshapko,
Meteorological Synthesizing Center East
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
What pollutants do we consider?
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
What pollutants do we consider? Heavy Metals
(HMs) The first priority Cd, Pb, Hg The
second priority As, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
What pollutants do we consider? Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs) Dioxins / Furans
- 210 compounds Polychlorinated biphenyls
- 209 compounds Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
- hundreds Pesticides - hundreds
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Physical properties of HMs in the atmosphere

HM Typical particle size range, ?m Particulate share, Life-time in the atmosphere
Pb 0.5 2 100 2 3 days
Cd 0.5 2 100 2 3 days
Hg 0.5 1 1 5 1 year
As 0.5 2 95 2 3 days
Cr 1 3 100 1 2 days
Cu 1 3 100 1 2 days
Ni 1 3 100 1 2 days
Zn 0.5 - 3 100 1 3 days
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Physical properties of POPs in the atmosphere
POP Typical particle size range, ?m Particulate share, Life-time in the atmosphere
Dioxins 0.3 1 5 - 95 3 5 days
PAHs 0.5 2 90 100 7 15 days
PCBs 0.3 1 40 60 40 60 days
Lindane 0.3 - 1 0 1 2 3 months
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Comparison of main categories of sources for
primary PM and HMs
Cd
Pb
PPM10
PPM10
Power Plants
Industry
Transport
Metallurgy
Other
Residentialcombustion
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Comparison of main categories of anthropogenic
sources for PM and POPs
PCDD/Fs
BaP
PPM10
PPM10
Power Plants
Industry
Transport
Metallurgy
Other
Residentialcombustion
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Airborne concentrations of primary PM10, Cd and
mass fraction of Cd in PPM10
PPM10, ?g/m3
Cd, ng/m3
Cd in PPM10,
Sources Primary PM10 concentration
distribution CCC MSC-West (4 / 2004)
Pollutant concentration distributions MSC-East
report (2 / 2004)
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Are airborne HMs and POPs harmful ?
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Are airborne HMs and POPs harmful ?
Yes ! Threshold concentration levels for
residential areas are set in most European
countries as air quality standards.
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Thresholds accepted for Heavy Metals by the 1st
Daughter Directive and the 4th Daughter
Directive of EU, ng/m3 Arsenic
6 Cadmium 5 Lead
500 Nickel
20
) For the total content in PM10 averaged over
one year
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Thresholds accepted for the sum of dioxins and
furans, fg TEQ/m3 Russia - 500 Italy -
40 USA - 20
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Thresholds accepted for particulate matter, µg/m3
Particle size Time period USA1996 Nether-lands1996 Sweden1997 Russia1991 WHO1987 EU2005 EU2010(proposed)
PM2.5 Annual 15
PM2.5 Daily 65
PM10 Annual 50 40 20 40 20
PM10 Daily 150 70 100 70 50 50
TSP Annual
TSP Daily 150
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Approach to assessment of integral pollution by
PM Individual pollutants have different
toxicity We need to find a quantitative
criterion, which has property of additivity An
approach based on idea of threshold
concentration level is widely used
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005

• Quantitative additive criterion
• A portion of an air volume, which could become
  unsuitable for humans because of presence of a
  given pollutant in air.
• Let us call this portion Hazard Quotient (HQ)
• HQ C / T, where
• C airborne concentration of a given pollutant
• T - permissible threshold concentration
• for a given pollutant.

EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
An example Cadmium within particulate matter
could make 10 of an air volume unsuitable for
human
1 cubic meter
clean air
Cd 10
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
An example BaP within particulate matter could
make 15 of an air volume unsuitable for
human
1 cubic meter
clean air
BaP 15
Cd 10
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
An example Particulate matter itself could make
20 of an air volume unsuitable for
human
1 cubic meter
clean air
PM 20
BaP 15
Cd 10
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Integral PM pollution ? (HQi) Hazard Index
for PM (dimensionless)
HI ? (HQi) 0.45
1 cubic meter
clean air
PM 20
BaP 15
Cd 10
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Integral Pollution by Particulate Matter (Hazard
Index)
Cij mass concentration of the i-the pollutant
within the j-th pollutant class fij
share of the concentration in particulate
phase Tij - permissible threshold
concentration COVj coverage coefficient for
the j-th pollutant class.
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Spatial distribution of hazard indexes over
Europe (PM, Cd, Ni, Pb, BaP)
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Spatial distribution of hazard indexes over
Europe (PM, Cd, Ni, Pb, BaP)
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Northeastern Germany
Pollutant Annual concentration Threshold limit suggested by EU Hazard quotient
Cadmium 0.15 ng/m3 5 ng/m3 0.03
Nickel 2 ng/m3 20 ng/m3 0.10
Lead 10 ng/m3 500 ng/m3 0.02
Benzoapyrene 0.2 ng/m3 1 ng/m3 0.20
PM10 12 mg/m3 40 mg/m3 0.30
Hazard Index for PM Hazard Index for PM Hazard Index for PM 0.65
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Black Triangle
Pollutant Annual concentration Threshold limit suggested by EU Hazard quotient
Cadmium 0.5 ng/m3 5 ng/m3 0.10
Nickel 6 ng/m3 20 ng/m3 0.30
Lead 20 ng/m3 500 ng/m3 0.04
Benzoapyrene 1 ng/m3 1 ng/m3 1.00
PM10 20 mg/m3 40 mg/m3 0.50
Hazard Index for PM Hazard Index for PM Hazard Index for PM 1.94
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Examples of usage of the approach to assess
cumulative risk caused by different pollutants
Novikov G.V. and Dudarev A.Ya., 1978. Sanitary
protection of the environment of a modern city.
Leningrad, Medicina, 215 pp. Berlyand M.E.
(editor), 1994. Yearbook on the state of air
pollution and emissions of pollutants into the
atmospheres of cities and industrial centers of
Russian Federation. Sankt-Peterburg, Main
Geophysical Observatory, 407 pp.     Hampshire
Research Institute (www.hampshire.org/risk01.htm)
US EPA, 2003 EPA/630/P-02/001F May 2003
EMEP/MSC-E
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EG on Particulate Matter, Berlin, May 2005
Possible output information ?Spatial
distribution (5050 km) of hazard index for PM
averaged over one year. ? Number of days during
a year when the hazard index is higher than unity
in all EMEP grid cells. ? Product of hazard
index for PM and population in all EMEP grid
cells for population risk assessment.
EMEP/MSC-E