The Chemistry of Life

1
The Chemistry of Life

• Chapter 24

2
Macromolecules

• A macromolecule is a large molecule made of
  smaller piece.
• Macromolecules are also called polymers
• Polymers are made of smaller molecules called
  monomers

3
Macromolecules

• There are 4 main classes of macromolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

4
Making Polymers

• Polymers are made of monomers, and are joined by
  dehydration synthesis.
• This is making bonds by removing water.

5
Breaking down polymers

• Polymers are broken down into monomers by
  hydrolysis.
• This is breaking bonds by adding water.

6
Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are made up of the elements C, H,
  and O
• The monomer is a monosaccharide like glucose or
  fructose
• The polymer is a polysaccharide like cellulose,
  starch, glycogen, and chitin

7
Carbohydrates

• Functions energy, structure, storage, raw
  materials
• Examples bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, corn,
  fruits, vegetables, sugar

8
Lipids

• Carbohydrates are made up of the elements C, H,
  and O
• The monomers are a molecule of glycerol and 3
  fatty acid chains
• The polymer is a triglyceride or fat
• They are non-polar (no charge) and hydrophobic
  they dont mix with water

9
Lipids

• Functions energy, hormones, phospholipid
  bilayers, insulation, brain health
• Examples butter, oil, lard, cheese, nuts

10
Lipids

• Saturated fats have single bonds and are full of
  hydrogen.
• They are solid at room temperature, come from
  animals, and are very unhealthy.

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Lipids

• Unsaturated fats have some double bonds and less
  hydrogen atoms.
• They are liquid at room temperature, come from
  plants, and are more healthy.

12
Posters Due start of class Fri 11/14

• By yourself or with one other person, divide a
  poster into 4 sections.
• Label each section with one of the
  macromolecules carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
  and nucleic acids
• Each section should include the definition, the
  monomers, the polymers, the functions, examples,
  and a drawing of both the chemical structure and
  a real life example.

13
Proteins

• Proteins are made up of the elements C, H, O, N
  and other elements including P and S
• The monomers are amino acids held together by
  peptide bonds
• The polymers are polypeptides

14
Proteins

• Functions include movement, growth, enzymes,
  antibodies, structure, transport, communication,
  and storage.
• Examples keratin, collagen, actin, myosin, meat,
  beans, eggs, nuts, dairy

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Amino acid Structure
16
Protein Folding

• Primary chain of amino acids
• Secondary alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
• Tertiary molecule folding via hydrogen bonds
• Quaternary many molecules together making up a
  polypeptide

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids monomers are nucleotides, which are
• Adenine (A)
• Thymine (T)
• Guanine (G)
• Cytosine (C)
• Uracil (U)
• Nucleic acid polymers are DNA and RNA

18
Nucleic Acids

• Functions direct protein synthesis, hold genetic
  information
• Examples DNA and/or RNA are found in every
  living organism

19
Posters due start of class Friday, 11/14

• By yourself or with one other person, divide a
  poster into 4 sections.
• Label each section with one of the
  macromolecules carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
  and nucleic acids
• Each section should include the definition, the
  monomers, the polymers, the functions, examples,
  and a drawing of both the chemical structure and
  a real life example.