?????????????????????????? ( Pathogenic Microorganisms )

1
?????????????????????????? ( Pathogenic
Microorganisms )
I.????????????????????????? ( Foodborne Illness )
?? 3 ??????
1. ???????????????????????????????????
(Infection) - ???????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????? ????????
????? ( disease causing microorganisms)
2. ???????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? ????????????? ( toxin )
?????????????????????? ( Intoxication)
3. ??????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
???????????????????????? ( Toxin Mediated
Infection)
2
II. ???????????????????????????????
- ?????? (Headache) -
???????? (Nausea) - ???????
(Vomiting) - ?????????? (Dehydration) -
??????? (Abdominal pain) -
???????? (Diarrhea) - ???????????
(Fatigue) - ??????? (Fever)
3
?????????????????????????? (Pathogenic
Microorganisms)
????????? (Bacteria)
??????? (Parasites)
????? (Viruses)
Anisakis spp. Cryptosporidium parvum Cyclospora
cayetanensis Giardia lamblia Taxoplasma
gondii Trichinella spiralis
Bacillus cereus Campylobacter
jejuni Clostridium perfringens Clostridium
botulinum Listeria monocytogenes Salmonella
spp. Shiga toxin producing Escherichia
coli Shigella spp. Staphylococcus aureus
Vibrio spp.
Hcpatitis A Norwalk virus group Rotavirus
4
??????????????????????????????????????
(Sporeforming Bacteria and NonSporefoming
Bacteria)
Vegetative cell ?????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????
Spore ?????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????
???????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????
???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
?
5
??????????? Vegetative Cell ??? Spore ????????????
Vegetative Cells ( ???????????????) ???????? (Reproduce ) ? ?????? (Grow) ? ??????????? (Produce toxin) ? ??????????????????????? ? (Resistant to stress ) ????????????????????????????? ? (Harmful if eaten) Spore ( ??????????????????) ? ? ? ? ?
6
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????
?? 6 ?????? ???

• ??????????? (Type of food)
• - ???????????????????????????? ????
  ???????????????

2. ??????????? ( Acid ) ????
pH 0 - 14 pH 4.6
???????????????????????????? ???
gt 4.6 ?????????? Low acid food
lt 4.6 ?????????? Acid food
pH ??????? 4.6 ????? Clostridium botulinum
?????????????????
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3. ????? ( Oxygen) ????????????????????
? (Aerobic bacteria )
???????????????????????? (Anaerobic bacteria )
???????????????? ???? ????????????????????
( Facultative bacteria)
4.???????? (Moisture) Water
activity ( Aw) ?????????????????????????????
Aw 0. 85 ?????????????????????
???????????????????
5. ???????? (Temperature)
?????????????????????????? ?????????????????? 5o
C 60 o C Listeria monocytogenes
?????????????????? 5 oC ???????????????? ?
8
6. ???? ( Time)
???? 0 15 ???? 30 ???? 60
???? 3 ??. 5 ??.
?????????? 1 2 4 16 gt
1000 gt 1 ????
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???????????????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????? (Sporeforming
Bacteria) 1. Bacillus cereus
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Bacillus cereus ( Facultative bacteria)
????????????????? (Type of Illness ) Intoxication ???? Toxin mediated infection
?????????????? (Symptoms ) - Diarrhea type ??????? ( abdominal) - Vomiting type ??????? ???????? ???????
?????????????????? (Onset ) - Diarrhea type 8-16 ??. ???? 12-14 ??. - Vomiting type 30 ???? 6 ??. ???? 30 ???? ??? 6 ??.
?????????? ( Common Foods ) - Diarrhea type ????? ?? ??? ??? - Vomiting type ???? ?????????????? ??????
?????????? ( Prevention ) - ?????????????????????????????????????????? 60 ? ????????????????????????? ??????? 5 ? ??????????????????????????????????? ( reheat food )
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2. Clostridium perfringens
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Clostridium perfringens ( Anaerobic bacteria)
?????????????????(Type of Illness ) Bacterial toxin-mediated infection
?????????????? (Symptoms ) - ?????????????????? (intense abdominal pain) - ??????????????????? (severe diarrhea)
?????????????????? (Onset ) 8-22 ??.
?????????? ( Common Foods ) - ?????????? , ???????????????????????????????(????????????? ?????????????????????)
?????????? ( Prevention ) - ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? 63 ? ??? 21 ? ????? 2 ??. ?????? 60 ? ??? 5? ????? 6 ??. - ???????????????????? (reheat) ????? 74 ? ????? 2 ??. ???????????????????? 60 ? ?????????????????
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3. Clostridium botulinum
????????????????? (Causative Agent ) Clostridium botulinum (Strictly anaerobic bacteria)
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Bacterial intoxication (neurotoxin) ( toxin ?????????????100 ? 20 ????????? toxin ???)
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ????????, ??????????, ????????????????? ???????????
?????????????????? (Onset ) 12 36 ??. ?????????????????? ???????????????
?????????? (Common Foods ) - ???????????????????????? ( Low acid food) pH ??????? 4.6 ???????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????? (???? ??????? ???? Vacuum pouch) ???????????????????????? ???? ??????????
?????????? ( Prevention ) ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? (Cool vacuum package) ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ( home canned food)
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Non Sporeforming Bacteria 1. Campylobacter
jejuni
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Campylobacter jejuni
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Bacteria infection
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ?????? (watery) ???????? ???????????? ( bloody diarrhea)
?????????????????? (Onset ) 2 5 ??. ????????????? 2 7 ???
?????????? (Common Foods ) ????????????????? ????? ????????
?????????? ( Prevention ) ?????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????
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2. Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli
????????????????? (Causative Agent ) Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli ( Facultatiue anaerobic bacteria )
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Bacterial infection or toxin mediated infection ???????????????????????? 16 ??
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ?????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????? hemolytic uremic syndrome ( HUS)
?????????????????? (Onset ) 2 72 ??. ?????????????? 1 3 ???
?????????? (Common Foods ) ??????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ( lettuce )
?????????? ( Prevention ) ??????? GMP ?????????????????? 68 ? ???? 15 ?????? ??????? Cross contamination ??????????????? ???????? ??????? 60 ? ???????????????? ?????????? 5 ?
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3. Listeria moncytogenes
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Listeria monocytogenes ( Facultative anaerobic , ??????? , ??????????? Temp ??????? 5 ?
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Bacterial infection
?????????????? (Symptoms ) - ?????????????????? ?????????????????? ( flu like symptom ) - ??????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? - ???????
?????????????????? (Onset ) 1 ??? 3 ??????? ???????????????????
?????????? (Common Foods ) ???????? , ???????????????? , ??????????? , ?????? , ?????????
?????????? ( Prevention ) ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? FIFO ( first in first out )
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4. Salmonella spp.
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Salmonella spp. ?????????????????? ????????????????? ( Facultative anaerbic bacteria )
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Bacterial Infection
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ???????? , ????? , ??????? ??????? , ????????
?????????????????? (Onsct ) 6 48 ??. ??????? 2- 3 ???
?????????? (Common Foods ) ???????? , ???????????????? ??? , ?? , ??????????? ???
?????????? ( Prevention ) ??????????????????????????????? ???? Salmonella bacterial ????????????????????? 74 ? 15 ?????? ????????? ?????? 63 ? ???? 15 ??????
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5. Shigella spp.
????????????????? (Causative Agent ) Shigella spp. ????????????????????????????????????????????? ( Facultative anaerobic bacteria )
?????????????????(Type of Illness) Bacterial infection
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ???????? , ??????? , ???????????????????? ????????????? ??????
?????????????????? (Onset ) 1 7 ??? ???????????????????????????
?????????? (Common Foods ) ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ( ready - to - eat food ) ???????? , ????? ?????? , ?? , ??????????? , ???????????????? ???????????
?????????? ( Prevention ) ??????? GMP ??????? cross contamination - ??????????????????????????????? ????????
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6. Staphylococcus aureus
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Staphylococcus aureus ??????????? , ??? , ?? ????? , ???? , ?? ( Facultative anaerobic bacteria )
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Bacterial intoxication
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ???????? , ??????? , ?????????????????? ,????????
?????????????????? (Onset ) 1 6 ??. ??????? 2-4 ??. ??????????????? 1 2 ???
?????????? (Common Foods ) - ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ( cooked ready to eat ) ???? ???????????? ?????, ????????????? ,?????? - ?????????????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????????? - ???????????
?????????? ( Prevention ) ??????? , GMP , ??????????????????????????????? , ?????????????????????????? , ????????? , ???????????????????????? , ?????????????????????? Toxin
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7. Vibrio spp.
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Vibrio spp.
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Bacterial intoxication
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ???????? , ????? , ???????? , ???????? , ??????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
?????????????????? (Onset ) 2 48 ??.
?????????? (Common Foods ) - ?????? - ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???? ?? , ????
?????????? ( Prevention ) GMP ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????????
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????????????????????1. Hepatitis A Virus
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Hepatitis A Virus
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Viral infection
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ??????? , ?????????? , ??????? , ???????
?????????????????? (Onset ) 10 15 ??? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
?????????? (Common Foods ) - ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
?????????? ( Prevention ) ??????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? - ????????????????????? ??????????? ????????? GMP
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2. Norwalk virus
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Norwalk virus
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Virus infection
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ??????? , ???????? , ??????? , ?????? , ??????????
?????????????????? (Onset ) 24 48 ??. ?????????? 1 3 ???
?????????? (Common Foods ) ???????????????????????? , ?????????????????????????????????? , ?????????? , ?????????????????????????????????????????
?????????? ( Prevention ) ??????????? , ????????????? , ?????????????????????????????????????? , ??????????????????????????
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???????????????????????????????????
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1. Anisakis spp.
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Anisakis spp.
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Parasitic infection
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ??????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????????????
?????????????????? (Onset ) 1 ??. 2 ???????
?????????? (Common Foods ) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(bottom feeding fish ) ???? ?????????
?????????? ( Prevention ) - ?????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????? FDA Fook Code - ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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2.Cryptosporidium parvum
????????????????? ( Causative Agent ) Cryptosporidium parvum
????????????????? (Type of Illness) Parasitic infection
?????????????? (Symptoms ) ????????????????????????????
?????????????????? (Onset ) ????? 1 ??????? ??????????????????????
?????????? (Common Foods ) ?????????????? , ???????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????? ( Prevention ) -?????????? -??????????? - GMP
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????
• 1. Coliform Bacteria
• Fecal Coliform
• Escherichai coli
• 2. ??????????????? Enterobacteriaceae
  ????????? ??? enterococci
• ? ????????? ????????????????????????????????
  ????????????
• ????????????????
• ? ????????????????
• ? ??????????????????????????????????
• ? ??????????????????????????
  ?????????????????

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Coliform Bacteria

• ??????????????? ???????????
• ?????????????
• ???? aerobe ???? facultative anaerobe
• ????????????? lactose ? acid gas ???35oC 48
  ??.
• ????????? glucose ? acid
• ???????????? catalase ??????????? oxidase
• ????????????? No3- ? No2-

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Coliform Bacteria

• ?????????? 4 genus

• 1. Escheria ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• Enterobacter ????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????
• Klebsiella
• 4. Citrobacter

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Fecal Coliform ??? Escheria coli

• Coliform bacteria

• ??????????????????????????????? Fecal Coliform
• Coliform ????? ???? Enterobacter aerogenes
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? ???????????????? Non-fecal coliform

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E.coli ?????????? Enterobacter sp. ???

• E. Coli ?????? ferment ?????? Lactose ? gas ???
  44.5oC ????? 24-48 ??. ?????????????????????
• E. coli ?????????????????????? IMViC ???? --
• ???? Enterobacter aerogenes ????????? --
• ??????????????????????????
  ????????????????????
• ??????? ????????? ??? ferment ?????? lactose
  ???????? ???? ??? 44.5oC ???????????? fecal
  coliform ??? non- fecal coliform ???

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??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????
? ???????????????????????? E. coli

• ???????? Indole ??? Tryptophane 99
• ?????????? MUG 96
• ???????????? lactose 96
• ????????????????????? Lactose 90

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E. coli ???????????????????????????

• ????? Enteropathogenic E.coli (EEC)
• ???????? 3 ????? ????????????????????

1. Enterotoxigenic E.coli ??????????????????????
????????????????????????????? Vibrio cholera
???????????????????????????????????????????
(Infantile diarrhea) 2. Enteroinvasive E.coli
????????????????????????????????????? ????????????
?? Shigella (dysentery-like disease)
????????????????????? ?????????????????????
enterotoxin 3. Enterohemorragic E.coli
??????????????????????????????????? hemorrhagic
colitis ???????????? verotoxin ???????????? toxin
??? Shigella