High Middle Ages

1
High Middle Ages

• Chapter 13 Section 4
• Chapter 14 Section 1

2
Power of the Church

• Church had influence in both spiritual and
  political matters
• Structure of church was similar to the structure
  of feudalism
• Pope (Head of the Church)
• Clergy (Bishops and Priests)
• Local priests served as the main contact with the
  Church
• Canon Law
• Church law, in matters such as marriage and
  religious practices

3
Far-Reaching Authority of the Church

• The Law of the Church
• Canon law governs marriages and religious
  practices
• Popes have power over political leaders through
  threat of
• Excommunicationbanishment from Church, denial of
  salvation
• Interdictionkings subjects denied sacraments
  and services
• Kings and emperors were expected to obey popes
  commands.

4
Power of the Church

• Religion was a unifying force
• Church and the Holy Roman Empire
• Otto the Great formed a close alliance with the
  church
• Invaded Italy and was crowned emperor
• Created German-Italian Empire, later became the
  Holy Roman Empire
• The Church was not happy that kings has control
  over clergy and their offices

5
This is an illustration of the concept of lay
investiture. In this picture a king from the
Middle Ages is handing a bishop his shepherds
crook a symbol of the office of bishop. The
Catholic Church insisted that bishops were chosen
by the Pope, not by kings.
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7
Emperor Clashes with the Pope

• Lay investiture
• Ceremony where kings and nobles are appointed
  church officials
• Pope Gregory VII vs. Henry IV
• Gregory bans lay investiture
• Henry IV orders Gregory to step down from the
  papacy
• Henry is excommunicated
• Tries to win popes forgiveness
• Pope ends his excommunication
• Concordant of Worms
• Church alone could appoint a bishop
• Emperor could veto the appointment

8
Primary Source

• There, having laid aside all the belongings of
  royalty, wretchedly, with bare feet and clad in
  wool, he Henry IV continued for three days to
  stand before the gate of the castle. Nor did he
  desist from imploring with many tears the aid and
  consolation of the apostolic mercy until he had
  moved all of those who were present there.
• POPE GREGORY, in Basic Documents in Medieval
  History

9
Disorder in the Empire

• Frederick I
• First to call his lands, the Holy Roman Empire
• Italian merchants and the pope join the Lombard
  League
• Angered by Fredericks brutal tactics
• Italian foot soldiers were able to defeat feudal
  knights
• Frederick made peace and returned to Germany

10
Feudal states remain divided

• German kings tried to revive Charlemagnes empire
  and his alliance with the church
• Led to wars with Italian cities
• Led to clashes with the pope
• The system of German princes electing the king
  weakened royal authority

11
In France and England

• Larger land base
• Established strong central authority

12
Church Reform and the Crusades

• Catholic Church underwent reform and launched
  Crusades against Muslims and others.
• Beginning in 1000s, a new sense of spiritual
  feeling arose in Europe, which led to changes in
  the Church.

13
Church Reform

• The Age of Faith
• Monasteries led the spiritual revival
• Problems in the Church
• Many village priests still married and had
  families
• Bishops sold positions in the Church(Simony)
• Lay investiture

14
Church Reform

• Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII made other reforms
• Enforced laws against the marriage of priests and
  the selling of Church offices
• Later popes reorganized Church structure
• To advise the pope they created a group called
  the Curia which made church law canon law and
  enforced it
• The Church collected a tax from all believers,
  which it used to care for the sick and poor.

15
New Religious Orders

• In the early 1200s, a new Church group arose
  friars
• They moved from place to place spreading the
  ideas of the Church
• They owned nothing and begged for food
• Women joined the spiritual movement many joined
  convents to dedicate themselves to God

16
Cathedrals

• Many towns in Europe built magnificent cathedrals
• In the early 1100s, the huge churches used a new
  style of architecture called Gothic
• These buildings were tall, reaching toward heaven
• They had walls covered with windows of colorful
  stained glass, which let in beautiful light

17
Exterior
18
Interior
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The Crusades

• The renewed faith also led to war
• In 1093 the Byzantine emperor asked for help
  against Muslim Turks who were threatening
  Constantinople
• The pope urged leaders of Western Europe to begin
  a holy war
• He wanted Christians to gain control of Jerusalem
  and the entire Holy Land
• This was the first of several Crusades fought
  over the next 200 years

23
The Crusades

• Why did people support the Crusades?
• Rulers and the Church favored the Crusades
  because they sent warlike knights out of their
  lands
• Common people joined the Crusades out of deep
  religious feeling

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Where the Crusades really a Holy War

• Why were we fighting?
• Pope Wanted to reclaim Holy Lands.
• Kings Get rid of knights who fought each other.
• Knights Opportunity to fight.
• Merchants Profited by making cash loans to
  finance the journey wanted to control key trade
  routes.
• Serfs Hoped to gain land and position in
  society.

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The First Crusade
27
The First Crusade

• Pope Urban II called for the Crusade
• Began in 1096
• Route crossed over Mediterranean Sea
• It was badly organized
• Still able to capture some of the Holy Land,
  including Jerusalem
• Vulnerable to a counterattack

28
First Crusade

• Mainly Franks
• Red crosses
• Ill-prepared
• No knowledge of territory
• Squabbling
• ¼ reach Jerusalem
• Captured in 1099

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The Second Crusade
31
The Second Crusade

• Organized in 1144 to recapture Edessa
• Armies straggled home in defeat
• Powerful Muslim leader Saladin emerged

32
The Third Crusade
33
The Third Crusade

• Goal was to recapture Jerusalem
• Led by three of Europes most powerful monarchs
• Philip II (France)
• Frederick I (Where is he from???)
• Richard the Lion-Hearted (England)
• Richard was left to lead and regain land from
  Saladin
• Both were great warriors
• Agreed to a truce in 1192
• Jerusalem remained under Muslim control
• Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims
  could freely visit the Citys holy places

34
The Fourth Crusade
35
The Fourth Crusade

• 1204 attempt to recapture Jerusalem failed
• Knights did not reach the Holy Land
• Instead, they looted Constantinople

36
Childrens Crusade
37
Childrens Crusade

• Took place in 1212
• Thousands of children set out to conquer
  Jerusalem
• Two groups
• In France, led by 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes
• 30,000 children under 18 joined him
• Armed only with the belief that God would give
  them Jerusalem
• Many died from cold and starvation
• Rest drowned or sold into slavery

38
Childrens Crusade

• In Germany, Nicholas of Cologne
• 20,000 children and young adults
• Marched to Rome
• Thousands died in the cold and journey across
  Alps
• Those who did survive were told to return home
  until they were old enough to fight
• 2,000 survived the trip from Germany and boarded
  a ship to the Holy Land and were never heard of
  again

39
Reconquista

• A later Crusade took place in Spain
• Christian rulers tried to win back the land that
  Muslims had conquered in 700s
• This fight lasted from 1100s until 1492
• The last Spanish Muslim land fell
• Thousands of Jews lived in Spanish Muslim lands
• Many became Christian so that they could remain
  after the reconquest was completed.

40
Spanish Crusade

• Isabella and Ferdinand purify Spain
• Inquisition to suppress heresy
• Aimed at Jews and Muslims

41
Effects

• Power of the popes
• weakened
• Power of the nobles
• reduced
• Trade was revived trade
• The Christians harsh treatment of Muslims in the
  Holy Land led to bitterness that has lasted to
  the present

42
Changes in Medieval Society

• European cities changed the feudal system as
  agriculture, trade, finance, and universities
  developed.

43
Changes in Medieval Society

• Improved food supply
• Climate warmed
• Developed new ways of farming
• Plows with horses
• Harness developed
• Three-field system

44
Trade and Finance Increased

• Craft workers began to make goods that were sent
  all over Europe in trade
• Fairs were held in towns each year
• Merchants sold cloth, food, leather, and other
  goods
• These fairs turned towns into cities

45
Guilds

• Formed in each town by workers in the same craft
• Example would be cloth makers
• Set standards for their products
• Set fair prices
• Also made rule for how you could enter a craft

46
Towns Grew

• Towns grew at a rapid rate
• Dirty
• Built entirely of wood
• Fire hazards
• Haven for peasants
• After you lived in a town for a year and a day
  you were free
• Wealthier people won the right not to pay taxes
  to lords and govern themselves

47
Effects

• Growing trade and wealth led to an interest in
  learning
• Contact with the Muslims bought back ancient
  Greek and Roman books
• Christian thinkers tried to connect the old
  thinkers with the Church

48
England and France

• As the kingdoms of England and France began to
  develop nation, certain democratic traditions
  evolved.

49
England

• Formed by the blending of culture
• Danish Vikings versus Anglo-Saxons
• William the Conqueror
• Duke of Normandy
• Defeated his enemy Harold in the Battle of
  Hastings
• Declared England his personal property

50
Englands Evolving Government

• Kings wanted to achieve two goals
• Hold and add to their French lands
• Wanted to strengthen their own power over the
  nobles and the church
• William the Conquer and his descendants owned
  land in BOTH Normandy and England

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Henry II

• Married Eleanor of Aquitaine
• From France
• Helped him add more land to his kingdom
• Ruled from 1154 to 1189
• Sent royal judges to every part of England
• Introduced the use of jury
• Eventually the rulings of the judges formed
  Englands common law.

53
Richard the Lion-Hearted

• Hero from what???
• King after Henry II
• Captured Cyprus
• Kept the Frankish kingdoms in the Holy Land for
  another century.
• Because of the Crusades, Richard was absent from
  politics
• Government established itself

54
John Softsword

• Richards younger brother took the throne
• Lost Normandy and all his lands in northern
  France
• Very cruel to his subjects
• Raised taxes
• Alienated the Church
• Eventually the nobles revolted
• Forced him to sign the Magna Carta
• Guaranteed certain basic political rights
• Included no taxation without representation, a
  jury trial, and protection of the law

55
Edward I

• Created Parliament
• Two citizens of wealth and property from every
  borough and two knights from every county
• Would call on Parliament when a new tax was
  needed
• Royal tool which weakened the lords

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France

• In 1000, France was divided into 47 territories
• Capetian kings changed that
• Power grew outward from Paris

57
Philip II

• Ruled from 1180 to 1223
• Determined to weaken the power of the English
  kings in France
• Greatly increased the territory of France
• Took Normandy in 1204
• Created a stronger central government
• Established balifs

58
Louis IX

• Ruled from 1226 to 1270
• Known as the ideal king
• Created a French appeals court

59
Philip IV

• Ruled from 1285 to 1314
• Disagreed with the right of the pope to control
  Church affairs in his kingdom
• Created the Estates-General
• First Estate Church leaders
• Second Estate Lords
• Third Estate Commoners

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Events which change and help end the Middle Ages
61
Great Schism

• 1300, Pope Boniface VIII attempted to enforce his
  papal authority over Philip IV
• 1305, Philip persuaded the College of Cardinals
  to choose a French archbishop as the new pope
• Clement V is selected
• Moved capital from Rome to Avignon (in France)

62
Great Schism

• Reformers tried to move papacy back to Rome
• 1378, Pope Gregory XI died
• Cardinals chose Pope Urban VI
• Many regretted their choice because he was
  radical
• Chose Robert of Geneva a few months later
• Now there were two popes

63
Great Schism

• This began a split in the Church known as the
  Great Schism
• Created the Council of Constance to choice a
  single pope
• Chose Martin V
• Left the papacy greatly weakened

64
Bubonic Plague

• 1300s, epidemic struck parts of Asia, North
  Africa, and Europe
• 1/3 of Europe died from the deadly disease

65
Bubonic Plague

• Began in Asia
• Fleet of Geneses merchant ships arrived in Sicily
  carrying the plague
• Followed the trade routes
• 25 million Europeans died
• Many more in Asia and North Africa

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Effects of the Plague

• Town populations fell
• Trade declined
• Serfs left manors
• Jews were blamed for the plague
• Church lost a lot of influence

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THE BLACK DEATH

• Bubonic plague from Central Asia 1300s
• Takes 4 years to hit all of Europe
• Kills 70 of those who catch it
• 25 million dead

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Hundred Years War

• Philip IV of France dies without an heir
• Edward III of England claims throne (he was
  grandson of Philip IV)
• Started a century long conflict between the two
  nations

71
Hundred Years War

• England won three important battles
• Archers began to use longbows and destroyed
  French troops
• England captured Orleans
• French were in desperate shape
• Joan of Arc
• She lead a French army and won
• Allowed the French to crown a new king
• She was captured by English allies
• Tried and burned at the stake

72
Hundred Years War

• Ended in 1453
• Fought on French land
• Land was destroyed
• Power/prestige of French Monarch increased.
• Produced national feelings in both England and
  France

73
Changes in Warfare

• Longbow leads to extinction of knights as premier
  fighters

74
War Changes Europe

• Nationalism in France and England
• French monarch strengthened
• English dissolve in to War of Roses
• Age of Faith and chivalry end