How Energy Efficiency and Demand Response can Help Air Quality

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How Energy Efficiency and Demand Response can
Help Air Quality Presentation to the California
Electricity and Air Quality Conference October
3, 2006
Mary Ann Piette Demand Response Research
Center Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory drrc.lbl.gov Sponsored by the
California Energy Commission PIER Program
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Presentation Outline

• Summary of Major Energy Efficiency and Demand
  Response Goals in California
• Demand Side Management Framework
• Valuing Emissions
• Current Research Automating Demand Response
• Findings and Future Research Needs

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Integrated Demand Side Management Model
Self Generation

Demand Response
Price
Time of Use Load and Bill Management
Reliability
Source PGE
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Californias Aggressive Energy Efficiency
Demand Response Goals

• Electricity - 16,000 GWh and 2 MW by 2010 -
  enough for 1.8 million homes and double past
  goals
• Natural Gas - savings doubled - savings in 2010
  supply 250,000 to 300,000 homes
• Demand Response - Price-responsive DR goal 5
  of peak by 2007 ( 10 GW)
• Combined Savings - reduces CO2 by more than 9
  million tons/yr by 2013, equivalent to 1.8
  million vehicles (40 of Bay Area) off the road

Source NRDC and Flex Your Power
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Energy Efficiency, Load Management, DR
Efficiency and Conservation (Daily) Peak Load Management (Daily) Demand Response (Dynamic Event Driven)
Customer Motivation Utility Bill Savings Civic Duty/ Environmental Protection TOU Bill Savings Peak Demand Charge Bill Savings Economic (price) Reliability (emergency) Civic Duty/Grid Protection
Building Design Efficient Shell, Equipment Systems Low Power Design Dynamic Control Capability
Building Operations Integrated System Operations Demand - Limit Shift Demand - Limit Shift Shed
Environmental Factors Change in emissions based on time of day and season of kWh reduction Change in emissions based on time of day, season, and net change in kWh Change in emissions based on time of day, season, and net change in kWh
Initiation Local Local Remote
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Western Region Electricity Generation

• Change or reduction in emission from efficiency
  and DR depend on electricity
• generation mix during the time the electricity is
  reduced or shifted

Source Holland and Mansur, Is Real Time Pricing
Green? Environmental Impacts of Electricity
Demand Variance, August 2004, CSEM
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Environmental Adders Adjust Costs For Emissions

Source - Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc.
(E3), CPUC Avoided Cost Methodology
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Time Dependant Valuation in Building Codes
Considers when Electricity is Used

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Introduction to Automated Demand Response in
Large Buildings

• Provide large (gt200kW) customers with electronic,
  Internet-based price and reliability signals
• Automatically link price and reliability signals
  into the facility control systems
• Customers program automated response customized
  to facility and client / tenant needs
• Develop facility response strategies that
  optimize load reduction, economic savings and
  customer acceptance

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Auto-DR System Communications
Demand Response Automation Server (DRAS)
Utility
XML
Utility or IOU Event Trigger
Modbus
Client Logic with Integrated Relay (CLIR)
XML
XML
XML
Internet Relay
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Automated Demand Response Results

• Significant short-term peak reductions
  demonstrated for several dozen sites (avg. 10)
• Cost to automate DR is minimal
• Minimal impact to occupants and tenants
• Persistent savings demonstrated over 4 summers of
  field tests
• Automation reduces labor costs for participation
• Automation increases reliability to utilities and
  ISO
• Automation standardizes response strategies
• Vast majority of sites shed rather than shift
  electricity use

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Automated DR Results from Previous Year
2004 Hot Weather Test 5 sites
2005 Auto-CPP Test 10 sites
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Findings and Future Research Needs

• California has aggressive goals for energy
  efficiency and demand response
• The majority of efficiency and demand response
  measures provide direct reductions in emissions
  by displacing supply
• Continue advanced controls and automation
  research for key market segments
• Lack of feedback hampers change in end-use
• Future Research
• Need better data on end-use operating strategies
  and motivations to change energy use technologies
  and patterns
• Need better feedback to customers on energy use
  data, costs, and emissions associated with
  consumption