Introduction to Human Anatomy

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Introduction to Human Anatomy
Physiology Chapter 1
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Anatomy The branch of science that deals with the
structure of body parts Their forms and
arrangements
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Physiology Deals with the functions of body
parts What they do and how
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Human Organism A well-organized unit of body parts
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Characteristics of Life (10) Movement Self-initi
ated change in position
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Responsiveness The ability to sense changes and
react Growth An increase in body size
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Reproduction Respiration Obtaining oxygen and
using it in the release of energy from food
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Digestion Food chemically changed into forms
that can be absorbed by the body
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Absorption The passage of substances through
membranes Circulation Movement of body fluids
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Assimilation Changing absorbed substances into
forms that are chemically different from those
that entered the body fluids
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Excretion Removal of wastes that are produced by
body parts
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Metabolism Physical and chemical changes in the
body
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Maintenance of Life Organisms need Water (the
most abundant substance in the body), food,
oxygen, heat, pressure
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Homeostasis The ability to maintain a stable
internal environment Ex. shivering, goose bumps,
sweat, etc.
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Levels of Organization Small to large Atoms,
molecules, macromolecules, organelle, cell,
tissue, organ, system, organism
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Body Divisions Axial Portion Head, neck and
trunk Appendicular Portion Arms and legs
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Body Cavities Cavity A natural hollow place
within the body Page 8 Figure 1.6 Page 9
Figure 1.7
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2 Major Cavities Within the Axial
Portion Dorsal Ventral Cavities
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Dorsal Cavity Can be divided into 2
cavities Cranial-houses brain Spinal-spinal cord
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Ventral Cavity Divided into 2 cavities Thoracic-c
hest Abdominopelvic-abdomen, pelvis
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Small Head Cavities Oral- teeth,
tongue Nasal-right, left nose Orbital-eyes Middle
Ear-bones
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Membrane A thin, soft, pliable layer of
tissue Parietal Pleura Membrane that lines the
thoracic compartments
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Visceral Pleura Membrane that lines the lungs
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Mediastinum Separates the thoracic cavity into 2
compartments The compartments contain right
left lungs
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Pericardial Membrane Surrounds the
heart Peritoneal Membrane The lining membranes of
the abdominopelvic cavity
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Organ Systems Humans consist of several organ
systems Made up of organs that work together to
provide a specialized function
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Integumentary System Includes skin, hair, nails,
sweat glands, sebaceous glands
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These parts protect underlying tissues and help
regulate body temperature. They also house
sensory receptors
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Skeletal System Consists of bones as well as
ligaments and cartilage Serve as attachments for
muscles Provide protection/support
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Tissues within bones produce blood cells Muscular
System Muscles are the organs of this system
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By contracting and pulling their ends together,
they provide the forces that cause body
movements posture, body heat
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Nervous System Includes the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sense organs
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Nerve cells use chemical signals (nerve
impulses) to communicate with each other
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Endocrine System Includes all glands that secrete
chemical messages called Hormones (they travel
in fluid)
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Includes the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal, pineal, thymus glands, pancreas,
ovaries, testes
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The endocrine and nervous systems integrate and
coordinate to allow the body to act as a unit
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Digestive System Receives food from
outside Converts to useful simpler molecules to
be absorbed passed on
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Includes the Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary
glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines
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Respiratory System Provide intake and output of
air for the exchanges of gases between blood and
air
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Includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi/lungs
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Circulatory System Its a muscular pump that
forces blood through vessels Blood transports
gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
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Includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries,
blood
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Lymphatic System Carries fluid Includes lymphatic
vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland,
spleen
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Lymphatic organs also aid the body in defending
the body against infections by removing
microorganisms from tissue fluids (WBCs)
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Lymphocytes Cells of the lymphatic system
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Urinary System Maintains water, electrolyte
and acid-base balances (kidneys) Includes the
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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Reproductive System Process of producing
offspring (progeny) Male produces/maintains sex
cells (sperm)
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Includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas
deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate glands,
penis, urethra
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Female Provide support and development of embryo
and functions in birth process Produce/maintain
sex cells (eggs)
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Includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
vagina, clitoris, vulva
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Handout on Relative Position!