The Future of the Web: Visual, Social, Universal Ben Shneiderman ([e-mail]) Director, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies

1
The Future of the WebVisual, Social,
UniversalBen Shneiderman(ben_at_cs.umd.edu)Direc
tor, Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Professor, Department of Computer
ScienceMember, Institutes for Advanced Computer
Studies Systems ResearchUniversity of
MarylandCollege Park, MD 20742
2
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community -
Computer Science Psychology - Information
Studies Education
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil
3
User Interface Design Goals

• Cognitively comprehensible Consistent,
  predictable controllable
• Affectively acceptable Mastery,
  satisfaction responsibility
• NOT
• Adaptive, autonomous anthropomorphic

4
User Interface Design Goals
Consistent Predictable Controllable

• Cognitively comprehensible Consistent,
  predictable controllable
• Affectively acceptable Mastery,
  satisfaction responsibility
• NOT
• Adaptive, autonomous anthropomorphic

5
Design Issues

• Input devices strategies
• Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
• Direct manipulation
• Menus, forms, commands
• Output devices formats
• Screens, windows, color, sound
• Text, tables, graphics
• Instructions, messages, help
• Collaboration communities
• Manuals, tutorials, training

www.awl.com/DTUI hcibib.org usableweb.com
6
Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly)

• Specify users and tasks
• Predict and measure
• time to learn
• speed of performance
• rate of human errors
• human retention over time
• Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for
  User Interaction Satisfaction 7.0,
  www.lap.umd.edu/QUIS/index.html)
• Accommodate individual differences
• Consider social, organizational cultural
  context

7
U.S. Library of Congress

• Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
• Teachers, Students

8
Visible Human Explorer (NLM)

• Doctors
• Surgeons
• Researchers
• Students

9
NASA Environmental Data

• Scientists
• Farmers
• Land planners
• Students

10
U.S. Bureau of Census

• Economists, Policy makers, Journalists
• Teachers, Students

11
Web Design Strategies to Empower UsersVisual,
Social, Universal
12
1) Visual Design
Consistent Predictable Controllable

• Visual bandwidth is enormous
• Human perceptual skills are remarkable
• Trend, cluster, gap, outlier...
• Color, size, shape, proximity...
• Human image storage is fast and vast
• Opportunities
• Spatial layouts coordination
• Information visualization
• Scientific visualization simulation
• Telepresence augmented reality
• Virtual environments

13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
Treemap - view large trees with node values

• Space filling
• Space limited
• Color coding
• Size coding
• Requires learning

TreeViz (Mac, Johnson, 1992) NBA-Tree(Sun, Turo,
1993) Winsurfer (Teittinen, 1996) Diskmapper
(Windows, Micrologic) Treemap97 (Windows, UMd)
Shneiderman, ACM Trans. on Graphics, 1992
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemaps
16
Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
17
(No Transcript)
18
Temporal Info Viz - LifeLines
19
LifeLines
20
2) Social Support Concepts

• Online communities
• E-commerce customer service consumer
  conversations
• Medical support groups information exchange
• Educational discussions teamwork
• Neighborhood forums political organizing
• Technologies
• Synchronous text Instant messaging, chat rooms
• Asynchronous text Listservs, bulletin boards,
  newsgroups
• Audio,video, virtual realities

21
2) Social Support Active Worlds
22
2) Social Support Goals
Consistent Predictable Controllable

• Supporting Sociability
• People Target a population
• Purposes Clearly state focus
• Policies Make expectations explicit
• behavior, privacy, moderation, joining rules
• Designing Usability
• Users Know the users
• Tasks Understand frequencies and sequences
• Systems Choose seamless combinations of tools

Online Communities Supporting Sociability,
Designing Usability Jenny Preece, John Wiley
Sons, June 2000
23
Defining Trust

• Trust is the expectation that arises within a
  community of regular, honest, and cooperative
  behavior, based on commonly shared norms, on the
  part of the members of that community. -
  Francis Fukuyama, Trust, 1995
• Trust indicates a positive belief about the
  perceived reliability of, dependability of, and
  confidence in a person, object, or process.
  - B. J. Fogg, CHI99

24
Defining Trust - Revised

• Trust is the positive expectation a person has
  for another person or organization that is based
  on past performance and truthful future
  guarantees
• People rely on tools or processes

Truthful Future Guarantees Responsible
Person Organization Tool Process

Trusts
Person
Rely on
25
Internet Design Credo

• Empower individuals by
  clarifying responsibility
• Promote participation by
  ensuring trust

26
2) Social Support Trust

• Invite participation by ensuring trust
• Disclose patterns of past performance
• Provide references from past and current users
• Get certifications from third parties
• Make policies for privacy security easy to find
  read
• Accelerate action by clarifying responsibility
• Clarify each participant's responsibilities
• Provide clear guarantees with compensation
• Describe dispute resolution and mediation
  services

Communications of the ACM, Dec. 2000, Special
Issue on Trust
27
On-Web Deception and Trust
Big Al's Investments
Trusted Securities
P.O. Box 83737 Bahamas Make a
Million in a Month We did it, you can
too! Invest now! Type your credit card _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
On the web since 1993 Approved
by SEC Visit our 240 investment centers
or online service assistants or call
1-800-TRUSTED Over 80,000 customers - see
their ratings and comments Read our Customer
Protection and Privacy Policy Full
money-back guarantee
28
3) Universal Usability
Consistent Predictable Controllable

• Technology variety Support broad range of
  hardware, software, and network access
• User diversity Accommodate users with
  different skills, knowledge, age, gender,
  literacy, culture, income, disabilities,
  disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise,
  light)...
• Gaps in user knowledge Bridge the gap
  between what users know and what they need to
  know

Communications of the ACM, May 2000
29

• Technology variety Support broad range of
  hardware, software, and network access

Device Independence Input keyboard,
speech,... Output visual, auditory,...
Conversion Text-speech Speech-text,...
1 to 100 range in processor speeds 286 486
Pentium
1 to 100 range in screen sizes Palm
devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall
Display 30,000 480,000
3,840,000 pixels
Software Versions Compatibility File
conversion Multiple platforms
30

• User diversity Accommodate different users

Language Culture Western, Eastern,
developing... Personality Introvert vs
extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion
Locus of control Planful vs playful
Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric,
cognitiveDisabling conditions Mobility,
injury, noise, sunlight
Age Young to old Gender Male or
Female Income Impoverished to wealthy
Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge
Domain novice to expert
31
Gaps in User Knowledge - Strategies

• Bridge the gap between what users know and what
  they need to know

Online Learning (evolutionary, phased)
Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals,
Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos
Minimalist/Active
Design Layered Level-structured
Task-oriented
Training Fade-able scaffolding Training
wheels Minimalist
Online help Context sensitive, tables of
contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs,
Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities
Customer service Email Phone Help desks
32
Thomas Jefferson

• I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge
  so disseminated through the mass of mankind that
  it may...reach even the extremes of society
  beggars and kings.
• -- Reply to American Philosophical Society,
  1808

33
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil