Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan , Database System Concepts (4th edition),2001 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan , Database System Concepts (4th edition),2001

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Title: Author: AMIR Last modified by: admin Created Date: 12/2/2005 12:05:07 PM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan , Database System Concepts (4th edition),2001


1
????????? ???? ????? ???
??????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ????????
????????? ???? ???????
???????? ?? ???? - ???? ?????
2
?????
  • Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S.
    Sudarshan , Database System Concepts (4th
    edition),2001
  • R. Ramakrishnan, J. Gehrke, Database Management
    Systems , 2000
  • C.J. DATE, An Introduction to database systems
    (7th edition), 2000
  • MIT University Database Open Course web site
  • Microsoft Corporation, "Active Directory LDAP
    Compliance", October 2003
  • Ken Birman, Cornell University, "Multi Phase
    Commit Protocols, September 2004

3
????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???
  • ??????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???
  • ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????
  • ????
  • ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??
  • ???? ????? ???? ???????

4
????? ????????? ???? ????? ???
  • ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????Homogeneous
    Distributed Database
  • ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????Heterogeneous
    Distributed Database or Multi Database System

5
????? ????????? ???? ????? ???
????????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????
  • ?? ?? ????????? ?? ??? Gateway Protocol (API???
    ?? ?????? DBMS ?? ?? Application??? ????? ??????
    ?? ????) ???? ?????? ??? DBMS??? ????? ???????
    ?? ??? (????? JDBC, ODBC, ).

6
?????? DDB
  • Client-Server
  • ??????? ?????Collaborating Server System
  • ????? ???? ?????Middleware System

7
?????? DDB
  • ????? ??? Client-Server
  • ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????
  • ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????
    ??? ????
  • ???? ????? ????

8
?????? DDB
  • ????? Client-Server
  • ??? ????? ??????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??????? ?????
  • Overlap ?? ?????? ??? ????

9
?????? DDB
  • ??????? ?????Collaborating Server System
  • ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?
    ?? ??

10
?????? DDB
  • ????? ???? ?????Middleware System
  • ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????
  • ?????? ?? Legacy System??

11
Data Storage
  • ???? ???? ????Fragmentation
  • ???? Selection
  • ????? Projection ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ID ???? ??
    ????
  • ?????Replication
  • ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????
  • ??????? ???? ??? ? ??

12
?????? Catalog
  • ??? ????? ?????
  • Local Name User name User Defined Relation
    name
  • Global Name Local name Site ID
  • ?????? Catalog
  • ????? ??????? Catalog ?? ???? ???? ???
  • ????? ??????? Replication ? Fragmentation ?? ????
    ????

13
?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???
  • ????? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????
    ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????
  • ????? ?????? ?? ???? (Page) ?? ???? Td
  • ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? Ts

14
?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???
  • Page Oriented Nested Loop Join
  • Semijoins
  • Bloomjoins

15
?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???
  • Page Oriented Nested Loop Join(Fetch as need)
  • ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ?????? Join ?? ??
    ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???
  • ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? Tuple Oriented
    ??????? ???
  • ?????? ?? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ???
    ?????? ?????? Join

16
?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???
  • Page Oriented Nested Loop Join(Fetch as need)

Site S
Site R
S
8
R 8 S
17
?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???
  • Page Oriented Nested Loop Join(Fetch as need)

Site S
Site R
S
8
R 8 S
18
?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???
  • Semijoins

Site S
Site R
S
Reduction of S
Pro.

8
8
R 8 S
19
?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???
  • Bloomjoins
  • ?? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????Bit
    Vector ?? ??? V ??????? ?? ??? (?? ????? ?? ???
    K)
  • ???? Hash ?? ??? ?????? ????? R ????? ?? ????,
    ??? ????? ???? Hash i , ???? , Vi1 ? ?? ????
    ????? Vi0
  • ???? ????? ????? Reduction
  • ???? Hash ?? ??? S ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ??
    ?? ???? Hash ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? V ?????
    ??, ??? ?? ???
  • ????? 3 ????? ??? ????? ?? ???

20
?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???
  • ????? ?????? Synchronous Replication
  • Voting
  • Read and Write All
  • ????? ??? ?????? Asynchronous Replication
  • Primary Site
  • Peer-Peer

21
?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???
  • ????? ?????? Synchronous Replication
  • ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? Commit ??? ???? ??? ???
    ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ( ??? ?? ??
    ????? ???? ????? ???)
  • ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????
  • ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????
  • ????? ????? ???? ??? Commit ????? ????
  • ????? ???? ???? ?????? Lock ????? ????

22
?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???
  • ????? ?????? Synchronous Replication
  • Voting ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????????
    ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???
    ?? ???? ????? ???.
  • (?? ????? ???? ?? ?????10 ??? ? ????? ?? ????????
    ???? 7 ???, ????? ???? 4 ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???
    ?? ??????? ???? ???)
  • Read Any and Write All ???? ??????, ?? ???? ??
    ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????
    ????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ??? ??? ??? ????
    ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.

23
?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???
  • ????? ??? ?????? Asynchronous Replication
  • ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????????
    ?? ????, ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??
    ????.
  • ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????
  • ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??
  • ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??
    ?? ??????? ?? ???, ????
  • ?? ???????? ???? ??
  • ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????

24
?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???
  • ????? ??? ?????? Asynchronous Replication
  • Primary Site Asynchronous ?? ??? ?? ????? ??
    ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ??,
    ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???
    ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
    ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ????
    ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???
  • Peer-Peer Asynchronous ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????
    ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ??
    ???????? ????? Conflict Strategy ???? ???? ?? ???
    ????? ???

25
?????? ??? ????? ???
  • ????? ??????
  • ?????? ??? ????
  • ?????? ??? ??????
  • ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????
  • ???? ??????
  • ?????? ????? ??????

26
?????? ??? ????? ???
  • ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????
  • ?? ??? ?????? ????
  • ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???
  • ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??

27
Commit Protocols
  • ??? Two-Phase (2PC)1- ????? ????? Prepare T
    ??????? ????? Ready ??????? ??????
  • 2- ????? ????? Commit ?? Abort ?? ????? ???? ??

28
Commit Protocols (Cont.)
  • ??? Three Phase (3PC)
  • ????? 2PC ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??
    ????? ?????? ????? ????? Commit ?? ?? log ???
    ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? Commit
    ????? ?????.

All Sent OK
29
2PC ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???
  • ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????
  • ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
    ??????
  • ??? ??????? ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????
    ???

30
Two-Phase Commit
31
Blocking Problem of 2PC
32
Three Phase Protocol
33
????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
  • Single Lock Manager
  • Distributed Lock Manager
  • Primary Copy
  • Majority Protocol
  • Biased Protocol
  • Quorum Consensus Protocol

34
????? ???? ?? ???
  • ?????? ?? ?? ???Deadlock Prevention
  • ????? ?? ??? Deadlock Detection
  • ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???
    ?? ????? ?? ????.
  • ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????
    ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??.
  • ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? Cycle
    Detection ????.

35
Availability
  • ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????
    ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???
    ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ?? ??? ??????
    Robustness ?? ?????

36
Availability
  • ???? ???? ???? Robustness ???? ????? ????? ?????
    ??? ????
  • ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????
  • ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???
  • ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????

37
Directory Systems
  • ?? Directory ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??
    ????? ???? ?? ???. ????? ??????? ????? ??
    ???????? ???? ID, Name, Email, Phone,
  • ?????? ??? ??????
  • Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
  • X.500

38
Directory Systems (Cont.)
  • ????? ?????? ?????? LDAP
  • X.500 ???? ISO ????? ??. ?????? LDAP ????? ??
    ??????? Michigan ??? ???????? X.500 ????? ??.
  • ????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????
  • ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????
    ??????
  • ????? API ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ??
    TCP/IP

39
Directory Systems (Cont.)
  • ?? ??? ? ?? ?? LDAP ???? ????? ?????????? ???
    ????
  • ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???.
  • ????? ?????.
  • ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ????????? ??
    ???? ??? ???? ???? ????.
  • ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ???.
  • ?????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????

40
LDAP Query
  • ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ????
  • ??? URL ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???
  • LDAP//aura.research.bell.com/Olucent,CUSA
  • ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????
    ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? Lucent ? ????
    ???? ????? USA ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????.
  • ??? API ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????
    ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???
    ??????? ?? LDAP ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???????
    LDAP_OPEN ? LDAP_BIND ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??
    ???? ??? ???? ????? LDAP_SEARCH_S ?? ???? ?? ???
    ? ?? ?? ????? ???.

41
Directory Systems (Cont.)
  • ???? ?? ????? ?????? LDAP
  • Red Hat Directory Server ??? ????? ???????
    ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??
  • Microsoft
  • Directory Services Markup Language ??? ??? ?? XML
    ????? ??? ???
  • ?????LDAP API ?? MSDN Platform SDK (????
    ADSI). ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? OU ?? ??
    Domain ???
  • LDAP//OUSales, DCSample, DCCOM

42
  • ???????!
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