Feed Additives

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Feed Additives

• Pages 319 325 (Chapter 6)

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Why use them?

• Cause a desired response/benefit
• Alter metabolism
• affect growth
• change pH
• manipulate microflora
• improve digestion
• increase yield
• Reduce acidosis
• Improve immune response
• Increase palatability
• Reduce fecal odor
• Reduce joint pain

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Major Classes

• Growth Promotion and Feed Efficiency
• Antibiotics
• Medicinal Uses
• Coccidiostats, worming agents
• Others
• Buffers and Neutralizers
• Antioxidants
• Preservatives
• Binders
• Direct Fed Microbials
• Coloring Agents
• Flavorings
• Hormonelike products
• Feed Additives
• Implants

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Examples

• Antibiotics disease prevention
• Coccidiostats control parasites
• Xanthophyll makes egg yolks yellow
• Cantaxanthin
• Hormones (hormone like) increases growth
• Yeast, Fungi, Direct fed microbials
• Buffers HCO3 etc.. Prevent rumen acidosis
• Antioxidants prevents feed from getting rancid
• Pellet Binders keeps feed in pellet form
• Flavoring Agents makes feed taste better
• Surfactants lipid digestion, increase milk
  production, yield
• Anionic salts acidify diet to increase Ca
  absorption

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FEED ADDITIVES

• Use of feed additives is strictly regulated in
  the developed countries, and many others, to
  ensure
• Human food safety
• Animal safety
• Additive efficacy
• Minimal environmental impact
• Dramatic increase in globalization of
  marketingof animal products has led to more
  uniformity in regulations among countries.
• Animal products must comply with the laws ofthe
  countries to which they are being sold.

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FEED ADDITIVES

• AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control
  Officials) provides the U.S. mechanism for
  developing and implementing uniform equitable
  laws, regulations, standards, and enforcement
  policies.
• Regulating manufacture, distribution, and sale
  ofsafe and effective animal feeds.

• AAFCO defines a feed additive as
• "an ingredient or combination of ingredients
  addedto the basic feed mix to fulfill a
  specific need."
• " usually used in micro quantities and
  requirescareful handling and mixing"

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FEED ADDITIVES

• Animal products are routinely tested to ensure
  that feed additives are being used correctly.
• Use of feed additives has been beneficial to
  livestock producers under our modern methods of
  production.
• Feed additives have been used extensively in the
  U.S. and many other countries since the discovery
  commercial production of antibiotics and sulfa
  drugs in the late 1940s.
• Development of intense production systems made
  possible because of additives that could control
  disease/parasites.
• The European Union recently banned feeding of
  antibiotics to animals meant for human
  consumption.

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Growth Promotion and Feed Efficiency

• Antibiotics
• Substance produced by a living organism that has
  bacteriostatic or bactericidal properties.
• Fed to reduce incidence of subclinical levels of
  infections in the GI or respiratory tracts.
• Increase rate of gain and feed efficiency.
• Chemotherapeutic Agents
• Inorganic or organic compound that inhibits the
  growth of target organisms (not produced by
  living organism).

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ADDITIVES CLASSED AS DRUGS

• In the U.S., use regulation of additives
  classed as drugs is controlled by the Center for
  Veterinary Medicine, within the FDA.
• To determine that drugs medicated feed are
  properly labeled for intended use and that animal
  feeds and food derived from animals are safe to
  eat.
• What is the human risk?
• Federal law states no animal drug can be usedin
  feed until adequate research submitted to the FDA
  proves the drug is both safe and effective.
• In developing a new drug for use with animals,
  manufacturers must go through extensive testing.

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ADDITIVES CLASSED AS DRUGS Antibiotics

• Antibiotics are compounds produced by
  microorganisms.
• inhibit growth/metabolism of some (not all) other
  microorganisms.
• In some instances, they may be toxic to
  warm-blooded animals.
• Most antibiotic names end in -cin or -mycin.
• All antibiotics used commercially for growth
  promotion are produced by fermentation processes
  using fungi or bacteria.

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Growth Promotion Feed Efficiency Antibiotics

• Antibiotics are effective at improving production
  when fed at low levels to young, growing animals.

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Growth Promotion Feed Efficiency Antibiotics

• Feed Efficiency Improvement
• Growth is nearly always increased, particularly
  with animals exposed to adverse environmental
  conditions.
• Feed intake usually decreases in ruminants.
• Varies by animal species.
• Antibiotic-fed animals are less apt to go off
  feed.
• Can control a wide variety of diseases.
• As a rule, reduce the incidence or severity of
  several types of diarrhea

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Growth Promotion Feed Efficiency Antibiotics

• Some are approved at low levels of continuous use
  for reducing the incidence of
• Enterotoxemia (overeating disease) in lambs.
• Liver abscesses in fattening cattle.
• Diarrhea in young mammals deprived of colostrum.
• In poultry, some claims include
• Reduction in respiratory disease.
• Nonspecific enteritis (blue comb) infectious
  sinusitis.
• Improved egg production and hatchability.

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Growth Promotion Feed Efficiency Antibiotics

• Two antibiotics for use in cattle, monensin and
  lasalocid, are unusual in that they give a good
  response in both growing and mature animals.
• Approval was first received for use as
  coccidiostats with poultry.
• Both of these antibiotics are quite toxic to
  horses.

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Growth Promotion Feed Efficiency Antibiotics

• Obtaining approval for new feed additive drugs
  has become more difficult in recent years.
• More investigative effort expense are involved.
• Few recent approvals.
• Very few antibiotic additives are approved for
  horses, rabbits, sheep, goats, ducks, pheasants
  quail.
• NONE for geese, dogs, cats, exotics.
• The primary reason is the cost of obtaining
  approval in relation to potential sales volumes.

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Growth Promotion Feed Efficiency Antibiotics

• In poultry very typical to see more than one
  included.
• Most can be used for layers, except high
  levelsof chlortetracycline and erythromycin.
• Manufacturer approval must be obtained forusing
  different combinations of antibiotics.
• Or combinations of antibiotics other controlled
  drugs.
• Far more drug combinations have been approved for
  chickens turkeys than all other animals
  combined.
• It is illegal to feed antibiotics at different
  levels or in different combinations from those
  previously approved.

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Growth Promotion Feed Efficiency
Chemotherapeutic Agents

• Arsenicals are all synthetic compounds
  (chemotherapeutic agent) include a number of
  drugs used in turkey, chicken, and swine rations.
• Control of parasites.
• Some stimulate growth in the same manner as
  antibiotics.
• The effect can be additive to antibiotic
  stimulation.
• Several arsenicals have claims of improved growth
  production as well as improved feed efficiency
  for chickens, turkeys, or swine.
• And control of Blackhead in poultry diarrhea in
  swine.

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Growth Promotion Feed Efficiency
Chemotherapeutic Agents

• Arsenicals have the disadvantage that they may
  accumulate in body tissues, particularly the
  liver.
• At the levels fed, they are not considered toxic.
• All have a minimum 5-day withdrawal period before
  animals are to be slaughtered for human food.
• Large public concern arsenic in my food

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Medicinal Uses of Additives

• Prevention or treatment
• Coccidiostats (poultry)
• Histostats
• Histomoniasis (Blackhead) protozoan disease
  affecting turkeys and some other poultry. Affects
  the liver and cecum.
• G.I enteritis, diarrhea, dysentery
• Anthelmintic (worming) agents

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Medicinal Uses Coccidiostats

• Coccidia are microscopic parasites.
• Coccidiostats include a wide variety of
  compounds, ranging from a number of synthetic
  drugs to antibiotics.
• Coccidiosis outbreaks are very large concern in
  confinement poultry operations.
• Evidence suggests coccidiosis is becoming a
  greater problem with sheep cattle in close
  confinement.

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Medicinal Uses Nitrofurans

• Synthetic antibiotic
• The nitrofurans are antibacterial compounds and
  are effective against a relatively large number
  of microbial diseases.
• Continued use of nitrofurans has not yet
  developed bacterial resistance, as is the case
  for some antibiotics.

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Medicinal Uses Sulfas

• Reduction in use
• Problems with tissue residues
• Most of problems alleviated by sulfas can be
  managed with other additives.

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Hormone-Like Additives

• Hormones are substances produced by the endocrine
  organs to activate other organs. Synthesized
  compounds that produce the same responses as
  natural hormones can be used to
• Promote milk production
• Promote animal growth
• Fed as an additive or implanted

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Hormone-Like Additives

• Melengestrol acetate (MGA) is the only
  hormone-like production improver remaining on the
  approved list.
• Extensively used with beef heifers
• Suppress estrus which results in more efficient
  and more rapid gain.

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Hormone-Like Implants Pages 322-323

• Although not feed additives, several productsare
  available for use as subcutaneous implants.
• Hexestrol, (outside the U.S.)
• Ralgro Anabolic agent, improves feed
  efficiency.
• Synovex a combination of estrogen
  progesterone.
• Rapid Gain a combination of testosterone
  estrogen
• Steer-oid a combination of progesterone and
  estradiol.
• A high percentage of growing- finishing cattle
  and sheep are treated with one or more of these
  implants.

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Hormone-Like Additives

• In ruminants, natural or synthetic hormones
  produce a response that results from increased
  nitrogen retention accompanied by an increased
  intake of feed.
• Increased growth rate Improvement in feed
  efficiency.
• Reduced deposition of body fat, which may, at
  times, result in a lower carcass grade for
  animals fed to the same weight as nontreated
  animals.

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Hormone-Like Additives ?-agonists

• Molecules that structurally resemble epinephrine
• Caffeine, ephedrine, aspirin
• Easily made in the lab
• Muscle
• Increase in muscle synthesis
• Decrease in muscle breakdown
• Fat
• Decrease in lipogenesis
• Increase in lipolysis
• Ractopamine (Paylean)
• May impact behavior Aggression

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Antioxidants

• Used to prevent rancidity of unsaturated fatty
  acids
• Inclusion rates up to 0.25 Lb per ton feed.
• BHA/BHT (Butylated hydroxyanisole or toluene)
• Ethyoxiquin
• Vitamin E
• Rosemary

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Preservatives

• Used to prevent feed deterioration (mold/bacteria
  inhibitors) Increase shelf life
• Vitamin C
• Calcium sorbate
• Citric acid
• Phosphoric acid
• Propylene glycol (toxic to cats)
• Sodium propionate
• Sodium metabisulfate

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Buffers and Neutralizers

• Buffers Neutralizers
• Lessen the decrease in pH caused by VFA
  production
• Valuable for use in high concentrate diets to
  ruminants but not high forage diets
• Examples
• Sodium bicarbonate (most effective and most
  common AKA baking soda)
• Potassium bicarbonate
• Calcium carbonate
• Magnesium oxide
• Magnesium carbonate

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DFMs and Yeastwww.microbialcompendium.com

• Include cultures of live organisms, or
  ingredients (or both) that stimulate microflora
  in the gut to favor healthy environments.
• Bacteria, Enzymes, Mold, Oligosaccharides, Yeast
• Lactobacillus, streptococcus, fungi, aspergillus,
  bacillus
• Probiotics
• Scientifically inconsistent
• Consist of microbial cultures
• Can stimulate cultural growth
• Reasons for use
• Increase/balance beneficial bacteria
• Reduce toxic byproducts of digestion
• Support rate of gain and feed efficiency
• Alleviate/minimize stress
• Various times for use
• When do you use them?
• Most common with horses, young animals

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Microorganisms found to be appropriate for use in
animal feeds

• Enterococcus cremoris
• Enterococcus diacetylactis
• Enterococcus faecium
• Enterococcus intermedius
• Enterococcus lactis
• Enterococcus thermophilus
• Yeast
• Aspergillus niger
• Leuconostoc mesenteroides
• Pediococcus acidilacticii
• Pediococcus cerevisiae (damnosus)
• Pediococcus pentosaceus
• Propionibacterium acidpropionici (cattle only)
• Propionibacterium freudenreichii
• Propionibacterium shermanii
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Enterococcus cremoris
• Enterococcus diacetylactis
• Enterococcus faecium

• Aspergillus niger
• Aspergillus oryzae
• Bacillus coagulans
• Bacillus lentus
• Bacillus licheniformis
• Bacillus pumilus
• Bacillus subtilis
• Bacteroides amylophilus
• Bacteroides capillosus
• Bacteroides ruminocola
• Bacteroides suis
• Bifidobacterium adolescentis
• Bifidobacterium animalis
• Bifidobacterium bifidum
• Bifidobacterium infantis
• Bifidobacterium longum
• Bifidobacterium thermophilum

• Lactobacillus acidophilus
• Lactobacillus brevis
• Lactobacillus buchneri (cattle only)
• Lactobacillus bulgaricus
• Lactobacillus casei
• Lactobacillus cellobiosus
• Lactobacillus curvatus
• Lactobacillus delbruekii
• Lactobacillus farciminis (swine only)
• Lactobacillus fermentum
• Lactobacillus helveticus
• Lactobacillus lactis
• Lactobacillus plantarum
• Lactobacillus reuterii
• Leuconostoc mesenteroides
• Pediococcus acidilacticii
• Pediococcus cerevisiae (damnosus)
• Pediococcus pentosaceus