Controlling Emissions from In-Use and New 2 and 3- Wheelers in Asia

1
Controlling Emissions from In-Use and New 2 and
3- Wheelers in Asia

• Narayan Iyer,
• Adviser (Technical), Bajaj Auto Ltd,
• Pune, India
• Workshop on Developing Fuel Quality Road Maps in
  Asia
• 22 and 23 May, 2006
• Asian Development Bank, Manila

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Presentation Contents

• Problem definition
• Emission standards technology choices
• New vehicles
• Notified until now
• Future expectations
• In-use vehicles
• Two-stroke v/s Four-stroke
• Smoke PM Emissions
• Fuels lubricants
• Fuel conversion programmes

3
Composition of Vehicle Fleets in Asian Countries
India
Vehicle fleets in most of Asian countries
comprise 2-3 wheelers, a majority powered by
2-stroke engines
4
Typical Vehicular Contribution of Air Pollutants
in Urban Areas (example Pune city )
Two and three-wheelers account for a significant
proportion of vehicular air pollution,
particularly HC and PM
5
Road to Reduced Pollution from Transport Vehicles
Reduced Pollution From Transport
Fuel Quality
Fuel Conversion Programmes
New Vehicle Emission Standards
In-Use Vehicle Emission Standards
Effective Traffic Management
6
Emission Standards for New and In-Use Vehicles

• Emission standards for new vehicles, evolved in a
  transparent manner involving all stakeholders,
  help to reduce the pollution contribution of
  future vehicles through the introduction of new
  technologies
• Requires that concomitant improvements in fuel
  specifications are introduced to allow adoption
  of new emission reduction technologies
• Emission standards for in-use vehicles help to
  ensure that vehicles are properly maintained so
  that the deterioration in emission performance
  with usage is minimized
• Requires implementation of a sound Inspection
  Maintenance (I/M) programme

7
Emission Standards for 23-Wheelers of Some Asian
Countries
8
Progression of Indian Emission Standards for 2
3-Wheelers
All limit values for mass emissions in g/km under
Indian Driving Cycle
9
Progression of Taipei,China Emission Standards
for 2 3-Wheelers(Source Jet P.H. Shu, ITRI)
CO 8.8
8
CO 7.0
7
6
HCNOx 5.5
5
CO 4.5
g/km Exhaust Emission
4
CO 3.5

CO 2.54
HCNOx 3.0
3
HCNOx 2.0
HCNOx
2.0 (4-S)
2
1.0 (2-S)
1
2 mandates Electric Scooter
HCNOx
1988
1991
1998
2000
2003
Note Cold start test is introduced in 2003.
The CO emission standard is normalized to warm
start data for comparison purpose.
All limit values for mass emissions in g/km under
ECE R40 Driving Cycle
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All limit values for mass emissions in g/km
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Comparison of Emission Standards of Different
Countries
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Known, Potential and Emerging Technologies for
23Wheelers
13
Changes in Technology Choice Resulting from
Consumer Preferences Emission Standards
The proportions of 2-stroke and 4-stroke have
been calculated based on a study of the sales
figures of various companies obtained
from Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers
(SIAM) and from the knowledge of the models
produced by manufacturers
14
Progressive Reduction in Emissions with
Introduction of Emission Standards (1991 to 2005)
There is an increase in NOx emissions in case of
2-stroke engines
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Expected Progression of Emission Regulations
Technology Fuel Options Beyond 2010

• EMISSION REGULATIONS.
• Efforts to further reduce emission of pollutants
  like PM, NOx and HC will continue,
• A greater emphasis is likely to be placed on the
  need to reduce fuel consumption and emission of
  Greenhouse Gases (GHG)

• TECHNOLOGY FUEL OPTIONS
• 1.Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) or Liquefied
  Petroleum Gas (LPG).
• 2. Battery operated electric vehicles
• 3. Hybrid electric vehicles
• 4. Hydrogen powered vehicles (as ICE) rather than
  fuel cell)

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Expected Time-Line for Evolution of Engine
Technologies for 2-Wheelers

•   

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Estimated Reduction in Emissions of 2 -Wheelers
Resulting from Improved ICE Technologies (1991 to
2015)
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In-use Emission Standards for 2 3-Wheelers of
Some Asian Countries
19
In-use Emission Standards for 2 3 Wheelers In
India, Taipei,China Thailand
Applicable from 1st October 2004
for vehicles registered after April - 2000
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Impact of Minor Maintenance on Mass Emissions
Results of SIAM Clinics
RESULTS OF MONITORING A SMALLER NUMBER OF
VEHICLES FAILING INSPECTION FOR MASS EMISSIONS
BEFORE AFTER REPAIRS
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Control of PM Emissions of 2-Stroke Engines
(Source JAMA)
PM emissions have been considerably reduced by
Use of reduced dosage of lubricating oil, (by
mandating supply of oil pre-mixed with petrol in
many areas) Use of low smoke lubricating oil
(by a nationwide mandate) Use of oxidation
catalytic converter (required to meet gaseous
emissions standards)
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Fuels and Lubricants

• Fuel Lead free petrol a must for using
  catalytic converters
• Low sulphur content necessary to improve
  durability of catalytic converters
• Low benzene content to reduce exhaust toxicity
• Oxygenates blended in fuel to reduce CO emissions
• Lubricating oil Low smoke (JASO FC) oils to
  reduce smoke and PM emissions
• Supply of 2-T oil pre-mixed with petrol at
  filling stations to control excessive oil
  consumption

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Fuel Conversion Programmes

• Important alternate fuel options are CNG, LPG,
  Hydrogen and electricity
• Two-wheelers currently do not seem to be
  attractive candidates for alternate fuels
• Three-wheelers successfully converted to CNG
  (India) and LPG (India and Thailand).
• Coordinated effort between government and the
  energy sector required to evolve a comprehensive
  alternate fuel programme that encompasses
• Life cycle analysis (well-to-wheel)
• provision of fuelling infrastructure
• quality and approval systems for safety of the
  modified vehicles

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Comparative Emission Performance of Typical
Alternate Fuel Vehicles (based on data from
Bajaj Auto)
NMHC Non-Methane Hydrocarbons RHC Reactive
Hydrocarbons
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SUMMARY OF TYPICAL STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY MAJOR
ASIAN COUNTRIES TO REDUCE TWO THREE-WHEELER
POLLUTION

• ENFORCEMENT OF PROGRESSIVELY STRINGENT EMISSION
  STANDARDS FOR NEW VEHICLES
• ENFORCEMENT OF EMISSION STANDARDS FOR IN-USE
  VEHICLES
• STRENGTHENING EMISSION INSPECTION MAINTENANCE
• INTRODUCTION OF IMPROVED 2-STROKE LUBRICATING
  (2-T) OILS
• MANDATING/PROMOTING USE OF LOW SMOKE 2-STROKE
  LUBRICATING OILS
• MANDATORY DISPENSING OF 2-T OIL PRE-MIXED WITH
  PETROL
• PROMOTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS (CNG/LPG) FOR
  THREE WHEELERS
• COMPLETE PHASE OUT OF LEADED PETROL

• TAIPEI,CHINA, INDIA, THAILAND
• MANY COUNTRIES
• TAIPEI,CHINA
• JAPAN, THAILAND, TAIPEI,CHINA, INDIA
• INDIA, THAILAND
• INDIA
• INDIA, THAILAND
• MANY COUNTRIES

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Conclusions 1/2

• Introduction of progressively stringent mass
  emission standards for 23 - wheelers and
  customer demands for high fuel economy have made
  manufacturers adopt new technologies and achieve
  significant reductions in emissions and fuel
  consumption.
• More stringent emission standards forthcoming in
  2008-2010 time frame may lead to large scale
  adoption of technologies such as injection of
  fuel.

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Conclusions 2/2

• Technology and fuel choices in the years beyond
  2010 would likely depend upon 2 3 wheelers
  requiring to meet statutory or voluntary
  standards for fuel consumption and Greenhouse Gas
  emissions.
• This may lead to a widespread use of fuels like
  CNG and LPG and adoption of technologies such as
  battery electric and hybrid power trains, and, in
  a longer term, hydrogen as a fuel.

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