Progressives, Women, and African Americans

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UNIT 4

• Progressives, Women, and African Americans

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Progressives

• The Jungle- Upton Sinclair
• Muckraker-He took his evidence he saw and put it
  into a novel
• The president Teddy Roosevelt reads this book in
  1906 and actually creates the first laws on
  improving food and laws
• Novel is about conditions of immigrants working
  in manufacturing, conditions of the
  slaughterhouses, and socialism

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Progressives ( continued)

• Disease
• Thousands of cows killed every hour
• If you fell in the cooking pot, they just left
  you in there, because it was more meet
• Bugs and feces were covering the meat
• No clean water
• America rips immigrants off
• Forced to work in bad conditions
• In pickle rooms, they stood in the brine, which
  ate their feet off

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Progressives (continued)

• Progressive- group of Americans 1910-1930 who
  believed in more democracy, regulation of banking
  and business, better education, and an informed
  consumer.
• Who is a Progressive?
• A fluent, educated, urbanite, who believed when
  educated they should do something about a
  problem.
• Muckrakers They investigate banking, corrupt
  businesses, lynching, insurance fraud, political
  machines, and political elections
• Upton Sinclair
• Lincoln Steffens
• Jane Addams (Hull House)
• Jacob Riis
• Robert La Follette
• Teddy Roosevelt (talked like a progressive, but
  wasnt a real one)
• Woodrow Wilson
• Ida Tarbell
• Ida Wells

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Progressives (continued)

• Jane Addams and Hull House
• Social relief agency funded privately

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Progressives (Chart 1)

• Basic Beliefs of Progressives
• People could improve society by relying on
  science and knowledge.
• Industrialism and urbanization caused problems.
• Government should fix problems.
• To achieve reform, government itself had to be
  reformed.
• Government Reforms
• Commission and city-manager forms of government
  were adopted.
• Direct primary system let citizens choose
  office candidates.
• Initiative, referendum, and recall were
  adopted.
• Seventeenth Amendment gave voters right to
  elect senators directly.
• Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to
  vote.

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Progressives (Chart 1)

• Business Regulation
• Interstate Commerce Commission was
  strengthened.
• Consumer protection laws were passed.
• Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate
  business.
• Federal Reserve System was set up to control
  money supply.
• People could improve society by relying on
  science and knowledge.
• Industrialism and urbanization caused problems.
• Social Reforms
• Zoning laws and building codes improved urban
  housing.
• Child labor laws were passed.
• Workers compensation laws were passed.
• Temperance movement

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Progressives (Upton Sinclair)

• The Jungle Conditions at the Slaughter House
• 1. Everything that they had was used because they
  did not put anything to waste.
• 2. The Planters hid things that they did not want
  the visitors to see in the packing plants.
• 3. African Americans were put to hard labor
  hanging pigs in the slaughterhouses while trying
  to catch their breath.
• 4. The visitors were sick from the brutality of
  killing the hogs as they watched in the narrow
  hallways.
• 5. The slaughtering of hogs and all of the
  squealing and blood brought tears to the
  visitors eyes and some were clenching their
  fists at the sights.
• 6. The story shows that Upton did not like what
  they were doing to the pigs at the
  slaughterhouse, and the fact that they made
  people watch.
• 7. She wrote it to drive towards socialism.
• 8. It talks about the conditions that the workers
  had to go through, I believe It was called, The
  Jungle, because what the workers did was so
  cruel it was like they were the lions killing the
  pray.
• 9. The book persuaded President Roosevelt to
  change laws on food and drugs.
• 10. They made immigrants work in the
  slaughterhouses that were filled with all kinds
  of diseases
•  
• Sinclair. Upton.(1906). The Jungle. Conditions
  of the Slaughter House .Retrieved from
• ltshshistory.comgt. October 26th,2009.

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The Twenties

• Movies
• Rudolf Valentino (Famous movie star in a silent
  film)
• Douglas Fairbanks
• Charlie Chaplin
• Lillian Gish
• Flappers-
• Cutting edge of young women, always have a hat
  and short hair, outfit very flat, plain shoes,
  showing all of legs but ankle
• Wants to look like a young boy ( Binds her very
  flat)
• Drinks and smokes
• Dances
• Going to drink illegally ( because of
  prohibition)
• Pretend to drink tea or coffee
• Dance the Charleston
• Drug of choice is Cocaine ( over the counter)
  not illegal yet
• This time period starts the prohibition movement

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The Twenties (Continued)

• Zut suit ( comes from African American cool guys)
• Striped bright neon colors
• Big feathered hats
• Suffragette
• Middle class dress
• Fighting for the right to vote
• Bootleggers, Mafia, Big time Crime
• Start when prohibition starts
• They ran alcohol from Canada, so they were not
  stopped by the border patrol
• You were not allowed to sell it or share it, so
  they started making bath tub gin, so they would
  not get caught
• It is changed with the 18th amendment which says
  youre not allowed to sell it
• Then it changed in the 21st amendment

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The Twenties (Continued)

• Escapism-
• Want to drink alcohol, write literature, etc.
• Flash Gordon ( Super hero guy in a film, The
  Purple Death) very Futuristic
• Famous Charlie Chaplin
• We are Anti-War now
• Authors important to this Anti- War movement
• Enrich Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front
• Ernest Hemingway, A farewell to Arms (American
  volunteers for WW1, and goes A-wall to be with
  his girlfriend and she becomes pregnant and they
  both die.
• William Faulkner, very wordy and complicated
• John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, The Red
  Pony
• ALL writers write about all war is bad and all
  men are bad
• F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatzby, sex,
  drugs, rock n roll ( escapism of the wealthy)

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The Twenties (Continued)

• Era of Radio-
• KDKA- in Pittsburgh is the first radio station
• Impact on America
• 1. Nationalizes our language
• 2. Gives us programming we can watch at home
• Entertainment
• Watch the radio ( huge mechanisms)
• New immigrants during this time
• Mexicans
• Caribbean people
• We are moving to the suburbs
• Era of cars
• Era of cross word puzzles
• Era of Miniature golf
• Era of Cards
• Highest divorce rate in US history, women could
  also divorce

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The Twenties ( Chart 2)

• Cultural Changes
• The new morality emphasized youth and beauty
• Young people and women gained more independence
• The working class enjoyed more leisure time
• The mass media expanded
• African American Renaissance
• Harlem Renaissance
• Breakthrough period for African American arts
• Literature revealed racial pride and contempt
  of racism
• Jazz and blues popularized
• Political Renaissance
• Great Migration created strong African American
• voting blocs in northern cities
• First African American elected to Congress from
  a
• northern state
• NAACP battled segregation and discrimination

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The Twenties (Chart 2)

• Revitalized Traditional Values
• Fundamentalists preached traditional religious
  values
• Emphasis on family and moral values
• Traditionalists supported Prohibition
• Nativism
• Nativists used eugenics as a pseudo-scientific
  basis for ethnic and religious prejudice
• The new Ku Klux Klan targeted African
  Americans,
• Jews, Catholics, immigrants, and other groups
  they considered to be un-American
• Congress established immigration quotas

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The Twenties (Pg. 603 Review)

• Definitions
• Red Scare A nation wide panic that was started
  because of the fear that communists or reds
  might seize power in 1919.
• A. Mitchell Palmer A United States General in
  Washington D.C. whose house was damaged by one of
  the eight bombs in eight cities during the Red
  Scare.
• J. Edgar Hoover Headed the General Intelligence
  Division that was established by A. Mitchell
  Palmer at the start of his raids.

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The Twenties (Pg. 603 Review)

• What conditions did African Americans face
  during the twenties?
• They had to compete for jobs and housing
• They faced racism and frustration which only led
  to violence
• Stones were thrown at then where whites- only
  were allowed to go
• The riots caused many African American deaths and
  injuries
• The whites would attack there neighborhoods

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The Twenties (Pg. 603 Review)

• Why did Harding win the election of 1920?
• He won because he called for a return to
  normalcy
• He thought the US needed to go back to the days
  before the progressive era reforms
• What he said struck the voters resulting in the
  winning of the election by a landslide

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The Twenties (Pg. 603 Review)

• How did the Palmer raids deprive some citizens of
  there rights?
• By detaining and deporting many suspects,
  disregarding the civil liberties of them
• By entering homes without search warrants and
  mistreating people
• By jailing them and not letting them speak to
  there attourneys

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The Twenties (Pg. 603 Review)

• Causes of the Red Scare
• Fear of Communists seizing power
• Nation wide conspiracy
• Communist International

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The Twenties (Pg. 630 Review)

• Definitions
• Jazz- A style of music influenced by Dixieland
  music and ragtime with its ragged rhythm and
  syncopated melodies
• Blues- A soulful style of music that evolved from
  African American spirituals
• Great Migration- A group of hundreds of thousands
  of African Americans who migrated from the rural
  south to the industrial cities in the north. By
  migrating to the north they sought to escape the
  segregated south society and to find new
  opportunities and build a better life for
  themselves

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The Twenties (Pg. 630 Review)

• Harlem Renaissance- was a result of the flowering
  of African American arts. It started with the
  African Americans living in Harlem, NY where they
  created an environment that triggered artistic
  development, racial pride, community and
  political organization. It was a start to the
  discovery of manyh talented writers, musicians,
  and leaders
• Claude McKay- He was the first important writer
  during the Harlem Renaissance who emmigrated from
  Jamaica to New York. He translated the surprise
  of American racism into a series of poems that
  was published in the Twenties.

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The Twenties (Pg. 630 Review)

• Langston Hughes- He was another writer, born in
  Missouri, who was the leading voice of the
  African American experiences in the US
• Cotton Club- Was one of the most famous Harlem
  nightspots. It was also where Duke Ellington got
  his start in music
• Marcus Garvey- A black leader from Jamaica who
  captured the immigration of many African
  Americans with his call for Negro Nationalism.
  He founded the Universal Negro Improvement
  Association, which was an organization that
  promoted black pride and unity

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The Twenties (Pg. 630 Review)

• Impact of the Harlem Renaissance
• Jazz, blues, and theatre
• Black pride

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The Twenties (Cultural Changes)

• The new morality emphasized youth and beauty
• Young people and women gained more independence
• The working class enjoyed more leisure time
• The mass media expanded
• Era of Radio
• Era of playing cards
• Era of miniature golf
• Era of crossword puzzles
• Era of cars
• We are moving to the suburbs
• Highest Divorce rate in the US history ( Both men
  and women)

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Harlem Renaissance

• Definition A renewal of arts for African
  Americans (1910-1930)
• Literature
• Dance
• Music
• Arts
• Harlem, NY upper middle class neighborhood,
  where African Americans are moving into
• Why Harlem, NY?
• Great migration- move from south to north to
  escape segregation nd open up opportunities
• Creating their own community because of
  segregation out of other Communities
• Center of Arts
• James Weldon Johnson- Father of the Harlem
  Renaissance
• Writer and editor
• Promotes this rebirth

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Harlem Renaissance (continued)

• Photography
• famous photographer James Bander Zee
• Blues ( makes you feel blue, slow, voice is
  important)
• Comes from spirituals
• Soulful
• Jazz ( up beat, flows, all about instrument)
• Billy Holiday
• Ella Fitzgerald
• Fats Waller
• Sarah Vaughn
• Louis Armstrong
• Jelly roll Morton
• Writers
• Langston Hughes
• Claude McKay
• Zora Neal Hurston
• Richard Wright Native Son
• Ralph Ellison- Invisible man

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African American Life

• Red Summer- A series of racial riots ( 1919-1920)
• Lynching- Hanging someone but never charged for
  it because people were happy they were doing that
• KKK-1923s clan grew to 5 million members because
  they schemed (pyramid scheme)by asking people
  questions and talk people into buying a
  patriotic rheotic and it is only 10 dollars and
  if you get others to join you get a part of
  their income

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References

• Appleby.J.,Brinkley.A.,Broussard.A.,McPherson.J.,
  Richie.D.(2005)The American Vision. New York,
  NY. The McGraw-Hill.
• Dr. Crihfield.Public Lectures. Retrieved the
  weeks November 2009.