Lauren Litchet

1
ARTChapters 1-9

• Lauren Litchet
• Period 1
• AP US History

2
Native American Art

• Pottery
• Iroquois, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Anasazi and
  Shoshoni tribes are well known for their pottery
• Women spent time preparing the clay from the
  earth. They mixed dirt, shells, and water to
  create the clay
• Intricate designs and symbols can be found on the
  pottery which typically tell a story about the
  land or the Native Americans way of life
• Pottery was fired in an underground room that
  had a fire in the center of it
• Pottery typically served as functional or
  spiritual items

3
Native American Art Contd.

• Beadwork and Jewelry
• Beads were made out of stone, bone and most
  commonly, shell
• Beads were carved and shaped of animal shell,
  deer hooves and animal horn
• Bear and wolf claw necklaces represented a
  hunters powers and strength
• Belts or chains were typically given to others as
  a sign of agreement
• Animal sinew Splint Fine was the most common
  material to string beads
• Animals and figures were carved into turquoise in
  order to make story necklaces
• Turquoise is a prominent color found in Native
  American Beading due to the abundance of it in
  Native American regions

4
Native American Art Contd.

• Weaving
• The best known Native American textile is the
  woven rug
• The Navajo People are known in the Native
  American world for their weaving
• Women wove rugs by kneeling in front of a
  vertical wooden loom and shooting a shuttle back
  and forth across the loom to make a large scale
  geometric designs
• Hand spun cotton was originally used to weave
  blankets and rugs
• When the Spanish introduced sheep weaving turned
  to wool
• Large geometric stars are the primary symbol
  found on Native American weaving

5
Native American Art Contd.

• Totem Poles
• Symbol of tribe, family or clan
• Each individual is connected with the animals on
  the totem which will carry them through life
• Totem animals stay with one through physical and
  spiritual life
• Totem animal acts as a guardian spirit
• Animal guides offer power and wisdom to
  individuals

6
Native American Art Contd.

• Cliff Drawing/ Petroglyphs
• Pictures were carved into rocks with stones to
  tell stories
• Most commonly found in the cliff dwellings of the
  Anasazis
• Typically related to the terrain around ones
  home
• Cliff drawings are also thought to have spiritual
  meaning

7
European Art (The Renaissance)

• Cultural Movement 14-17 century
• Architecture
• Emphasis on symmetry, balance, and proportion
  within the architecture and structures
• Gothic architecture had weightless feeling to it.
  It consisted of spires, gargoyles, flying
  buttresses and vaulted arches.
• Facades
• Symmetrical around their axis
• Accompanied by arches and columns
• Columns
• Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite
• Structural support systems for buildings
• Arches
• Segmental and semi-circular
• Often supported by columns in doorways
• Domes
• Large structural unit that acts as a ceiling to
  most Renaissance Age buildings

8
European Art Contd.

• Painting
• Focused greatly on the composition of the human
  body
• Frescos were one of the most common paintings of
  the Renaissance Era
• The most well-known paintings were created by the
  Italians of the Renaissance
• Leonardo Davinci
• Was preoccupied with the idea of the ideal human
  being
• Dissected the human body and depicted it in its
  anatomically correct form
• Wanted to perfect the aspects of pictorial art
  (lighting, contrast, symmetry)
• Used oil paints in order to cast shadows on the
  subjects he was painting
• Painted the Mona Lisa
• Michelangelo
• Was not preoccupied with the human body but he
  wanted to depict it in its proper form
• Created the statue of David, which is thought to
  be man in his ideal state
• Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for
  Pope Julius II on his back
• The ceiling was painted in over the course of 10
  years
• The ceiling depicts scenes out of the Catholic
  Bible

9
European Art Contd.

• Painting Contd.
• Raphael
• Had an idealized conception of human beings
• The majority of his paintings were frescos
• Well known for painting Madonna and Child it is
  said to be a dedication to the Virgin Mary
• Also known for his work within the Sistine Chapel
• After Raphaels death, art turned towards the
  baroque style of art

10
West African Art

• Art of Dance
• Dances teach social patterns and values and helps
  people work, mature, praise or criticize members
  of the community
• Dancing allows West Africans to celebrate
  festivals and funerals, competing, reciting
  history, proverbs and poetry and to encounter
  gods
• Dances are typically segregated by gender
• Segregation reinforces gender roles in children
• Community structures such as kinship, age, and
  status are also reinforced while dancing
• Traditional West African expresses the life of
  the community more than that of individuals or
  couples within it
• Men used large body movements, including jumping
  and leaping
• Women danced smaller movements with much use of
  "shuffle steps", the body in a bent position with
  "crooked knees
• The circle dance was found thorough West Africa.
  Sometimes solo dancers or musicians were in the
  middle of the circle
• The ecstatic seizure was an essential element of
  ceremonial dancing, both religious and secular
• African dance utilizes the concepts of polyrhythm
  and total body articulation

11
West African Art Contd.

• Art of Dance Contd.
• African dances are largely participatory, with
  spectators being part of the performance
• Traditionally no barriers between dancers and
  onlookers
• Stomping feet shows emotion and sometimes anger
• Most West African dances are special 'givings'
  and 'rituals' to the Gods to make sure that the
  tribe's crops will soon grow tall and that they
  will have good water supplies throughout the next
  year
• Dances of Love are performed on special
  accessions, such as weddings and anniversaries
• Rites of Passage and Coming of Age Dances are
  performed to mark the coming of age of young men
  and women
• Dances of Welcome are a show of respect and
  pleasure to visitors
• Dances of Possession and Summoning are dances
  dedicated to spirits
• Patting Juba dance performed by West Africans
  who worked the field that involves stomping and
  patting of the arms and legs

12
West African Art Contd.

• Instruments
• The most widely used instrument within African
  culture is ones voice
• Drums are also used as instruments
• Drums are the sign of life
• Drums represent the heartbeat within society
• Sound and rhythm of the drum express feelings and
  emotions
• In an African community people come together in
  response to the beating of the drum
• Coming together is an opportunity to give one
  another a sense of belonging and of solidarity
  within the community
• West Africans believe that music brings people
  together and allows people to be part of the
  collective rhythm of life
• All people within society are encouraged to sing
  and dance during ceremonies

13
West African Art Contd.

• Art of Cooking
• Barbeque - initially revolved around the cooking
  of pork seeing that pigs were easy to capture and
  cook
• Fried Chicken - Africans were brought to work on
  southern plantations, the slaves who became cooks
  incorporated seasonings and spices to the
  inexpensive meet
• Black Eyed Peas domestication in West Africa
  and was an easily maintained crop that was cheap
  and fertilized the soil
• Collard Greens combined with other greens and
  heavily salted meats (typically pork)
• Mustard Greens combined with other greens and
  heavily salted meats (typically pork)
• Red Pepper used as seasoning by West Africans
  to add flavor to dishes (such as fried chicken)
• Sesame Seeds typically used as a spice to add
  flavor to meals
• Gumbo stew that West Africans created that is
  comprised of primarily of a strong stock, meat or
  shellfish, a thickener, celery, bell peppers, and
  onion
• Jambalaya - spicy Creole dish of rice and ham,
  sausage, chicken, or shellfish with tomatoes,
  peppers, onions, and celery

14
Colonial Art

• Little British colonial art exists from the
  British Colonial period in North America because
  there were few permanent settlements
• Dissenters such as the Puritans had little need
  for art, building only the simplest buildings for
  religious worship

15
Colonial Art Contd.

• White
• John White, an English artist and cartographer
  who accompanied two expeditions to North America
  in 1585 and 1587
• One of the first European traveler-artists in the
  Americas, executed some of the first visual
  representations of North America
• White executed watercolor maps, views of
  fortifications, as well as images of local flora
  and fauna
• Sketches provided European audiences with their
  first glimpses of native North American culture
• Theodor de Bry
• European printmaker
• Used Whites sketches as sources for print
  illustrations in several volumes of his
  ten-volume work on the Americas, the Great
  Voyages (1590-1618)

16
Colonial Art Contd.

• Newspapers (Art of Rhetoric and Printing)
• Advent of the printing press allowed for
  typesetters to create multiple copies of their
  issues without the call for hand printed leaflets
• Papers and newsletters continued to spread
  throughout the colonies with editorials and
  letters to the editors complaining of unfair
  taxation, government abuse and rallying calls for
  assembly
• New laws, passed by Parliament, were announced in
  newspapers
• Newspapers provided the only recourse for
  colonists to vent their frustrations, learn the
  news and discuss what they could do
• Newspapers could create personal connections
  between distant communities
• The advent of the newspaper would continue to
  provide the populace with all the news, reviews,
  letters, editorials, commentary and more as the
  young country grew

17
Revolutionary Art

• Art of Literature
• 1771 Phillip Freneau and Hugh Henry Brackenridge
  read The Rising Glory of America to their
  graduating glass at Princeton
• Noted that American contributions to art were
  slim
• During the Colonial Period, artists of the
  Revolutionary generation worked hard to build a
  national culture

18
Revolutionary Art Contd.

• Art of Painting and Drawing
• Benjamin West
• First American to achieve prominence in regards
  to art in Europe
• Painted portraits in Pennsylvania
• Moved to Europe and painted historical scenes
• Death of General Wolfe (1770) was the first
  painting in America to elevate to historical
  status
• Remained in England after the Revolution
• John Singleton Copley
• Moved to London in 1774
• Boston portraitist
• Left Boston because of Loyalist sentiments
• Work is composed of truth and straightforwardness
• Famous portrait of John Adams (1771)
• Remained in England after the Revolution

19
Revolutionary Art Contd.

• Gilbert Stewart
• Student of both Benjamin West and John Singleton
  Copley
• Fashionable Style
• Famous portrait of Joseph Brant
• Returned home to Philadelphia
• Works grew into a museum of curios
• Reflected interest in history, archeology, and
  cultures
• Collections from the museum were purchased by
  P.T. Barnum after Stewarts death
• John Trumbull
• From Connecticut
• Attended Yale
• Served as a soldier in the Revolution
• Moved to London to study with Benjamin West
• Painted The Battle of Bunker Hill (1785)
• Painted Capitol rotunda in 19th century
• Influenced by 18th century historical painting
• Concerned with documenting the details of the
  birth of America

20
Revolutionary Art Contd.

• Architecture
• Displayed nationalism
• Greatest architectural project new federal
  capital city (named for President Washington)
• Pierre Charles LEnfant
• French engineer who served as a general during
  the Revolution
• Laid out Washington DC
• Placed capitol building on a hill ? pedestal
  waiting for a monument
• Radial avenues linking the presidents house and
  the Capitol building A reciprocity of sight
• Grand mall from the capitol to the Potomac River
• Jefferson
• Recommended models of antiquity for the
  buildings of the federal city
• Asher Benjamin
• New England architect
• Popularized the American variant of the Gregorian
  Style ? emphasizing economy of decoration and
  recommending the use of indigenous materials
• Federal Style restrained classicism

21
Revolutionary Art Contd.

• Art of the Press
• 1775 37 weekly or semi-weekly newspapers in the
  13 colonies
• 7 of the newspapers were Loyalist
• 1789 92 newspapers, 8 dailies, and 3 papers
  being published west of the Appalachians
• More newspapers in the United States than any
  other country in the world
• In New England, 90 of the people could read
• 1790s press principal medium of Federalist and
  Democratic Republican opinions ? papers being
  identified by politics
• Prosecutions under the Sedition Act threatened
  the further development of the media
• Democratic Republicans played an important role
  in establishing free press

22
Revolutionary Art Contd.

• American Literature
• Numerous book peddlers who supplied farmhouses
  with Bibles, gazettes, almanacs, sermons and
  political pamphlets
• Literature reflected the dominating political
  concerns of the times
• Mercy Otis Warren and Hugh Henry Brackenridge
  wrote dramas
• Joel Barlow composed national epics The Vision
  of Columbus (1787) and MFingal (1782)
• The majority of the best sellers during the
  revolutionary era were politically oriented
• Thomas Paines Common Sense (1776) and pamphlets
  under The American Crisis (1776-1783)
• Wrote The Age of Reason (1795) attack on
  organized religion that was loathed by the
  Federalists

23
Revolutionary Art Contd.

• Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur
• French immigrant
• Letters from an American Farmer (1782)
• Proposed that American culture was a blend of a
  wide variety of cultures
• John Filsons Discovery Settlement, and Present
  State of Kentucky (1784) ? the creation of the
  Western genre
• Noah Websters American Spelling Book (1783)
  best- selling book of the Revolutionary Era
• American language must be guided by republican
  principles
• Democratic Republican authors stressed the
  tradition of resistance to authority
• Federalists emphasized importance, central
  direction, and unity
• Parson Weems
• Wrote Life of Washington (1800)
• Most popular history of the revolution
• Introduced a series of popular and fabricated
  anecdotes
• Was a pioneering effort in mass culture
• Presented Washington as a unifying figure for
  political culture of the new nation

24
Important Terms Defined

• Baroque style of art characterized by free and
  sculptural use characterized by highly ornate,
  florid and convoluted characteristics
• Frescos technique of painting on a wet plaster
  surface with colors ground up in water
• Gargoyles grotesquely carved figure of a human
  and animal found in gothic architecture
• Flying Buttresses a segmental arch thrusting
  outward atop a solid arch to spread weight evenly
  among a structure
• Animal Sinew Splint Fine fibrous tissue and
  hair of an animal

25
Important Terms Defined Contd.

• Kinship - the state of having common
  characteristics or a common origin blood
  relationship
• Segregation separation of unlike
  characteristics
• Solidarity - union or fellowship arising from
  common responsibilities and interests, as between
  members of a group or between classes, peoples,
  etc.
• Ecstatic seizure seizures that cannot be
  controlled by individuals
• Fortifications - something that defends, or
  strengthens especially works erected to defend
  a place or position

26
Important Terms Defined Contd.

• Models of antiquity - Usually, antiquities
  something belonging to or remaining from ancient
  times, as monuments, relics, or customs
• Gregorian Style - emphasizing economy of
  decoration and recommending the use of indigenous
  materials in architecture
• Federal Style - restrained classicism in
  architecture
• Curios - any unusual article, object of art,
  etc., valued as a curiosity
• Loyalist Sentiments feeling obligated to the
  mother country

27
Important People

• Michelangelo Wanted to depict the human body in
  its proper form. Created the Statue of David and
  painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for
  Pope Julius II.
• Leonardo DaVinci Was preoccupied with the idea
  of the ideal human being. Dissected the human
  being and painted man with oil paints in order to
  perfect the aspects of pictorial lighting. He is
  well known for his painting the Mona Lisa.

28
Important People Contd.

• John White - an English artist and cartographer
  who accompanied two expeditions to North America
  in 1585 and 1587. He was one of the first
  European traveler-artists in the Americas, and
  executed some of the first visual representations
  of North America. Most of his depictions of North
  America were done in water color.
• Theodor de Bry Was a European printmaker that
  used John Whites sketches as illustrations in
  his volumes on the Americas, known as The Great
  Voyages (1590-1618).

29
Important People Contd.

• Benjamin West was the first American to achieve
  prominence in regards to art in Europe. His
  painting, Death of General Wolfe (1770) was the
  first painting in America to elevate to
  historical status.
• Pierre Charles LEnfant was a French engineer
  who served as a general during the Revolution.
  Was in charge of laying out Washington DC in
  which he created radial avenues linking the
  presidents house and the capitol building
  together, as well as creating a Grand Mall from
  the capitol to the Potomac River.

30
Multiple Choice

• 1. What was the most common material used to
  create beads?
• a. Bone
• b. Rock
• c. Stone
• d. Shell

31
Multiple Choice

• 2. What was the most common material to string
  beads on?
• a. horse hair
• b. animal splint fine
• c. blades of grass
• d. strands of human hair

32
Multiple Choice

• 3. What color beads are most popular among Native
  Americans?
• a. scarlet
• b. indigo
• c. turquoise
• d. goldenrod

33
Multiple Choice

• 4. What is the primary figure found on Native
  American weaving?
• a. star
• b. moon
• c. sun
• d. cloud

34
Multiple Choice

• 5. Totem poles are NOT a symbol for which of the
  following
• a. clan
• b. group
• c. tribe
• d. family

35
Multiple Choice

• 6. The Renaissance was a cultural movement in
• a. 12th 16th century
• b. 15th 17th century
• c. 13th-14th century
• d. 14th-17th century

36
Multiple Choice

• 7. Which of the following is NOT a specific type
  of column found during the Renaissance Era?
• a. Doric
• b. Capricornia
• c. Corinthian
• d. Ionic

37
Multiple Choice

• 8. During the Renaissance, architecture was
  characterized by
• a. symmetry
• b. asymmetry
• c. pettiness
• d. strong shadows

38
Multiple Choice

• 9. Artwork was typically performed with this
  medium during the renaissance
• a. pastels
• b. oil paints
• c. charcoal
• d. ink pens

39
Multiple Choice

• 10. Which of the following was NOT a famous
  artist from the Renaissance?
• a. Michelangelo
• b. Raphael
• c. Claude Monet
• d. Leonardo daVinci

40
Multiple Choice

• 11. What is thought to be the heartbeat within
  West African Society?
• a. Conch shell
• b. Human voice
• c. Drums
• d. Humans heart

41
Multiple Choice

• 12. West African dances are typically segregated
  by
• a. Gender
• b. Hair color
• c. Eye color
• d. Skin color

42
Multiple Choice

• 13. Stomping feet while dancing represents anger.
• a. True
• b. False

43
Multiple Choice

• 14. Right of Passage dances take place
• a. When individuals have their first child
• b. When and individual becomes an adult
• c. When a child is baptized
• d. When an individual connects with the holy
  spirits

44
Multiple Choice

• 15. Stomping feet in West African dance is a sign
  of
• a. Anger
• b. Hope
• c. Courage
• d. Fear

45
Multiple Choice

• 16.Which of the following is a stew that West
  Africans created that is comprised of primarily
  of a strong stock and meat?
• a. Barbeque
• b. Collard Greens
• c. Jambalaya
• d. Gumbo

46
Multiple Choice

• 17. John White was
• a. English
• b. British
• c. French
• d. German

47
Multiple Choice

• 18. Theodor de Bry was a French printmaker.
• a. True
• b. False

48
Multiple Choice

• 19. The invention of which machine made printing
  newspapers faster and more efficient for
  typesetters?
• a. Typewriter
• b. Rubber stamp
• c. Printing press
• d. Ball-point pen

49
Multiple Choice

• 20. Which of the following would you NOT find in
  a colonial newspaper?
• a. Calls for assembly
• b. Editorials
• c. New laws passed by parliament
• d. Ad campaigns for political figures

50
Multiple Choice

• 21. Where was The Rising Glory of America read
  by Phillip Freneau and Hugh Henry Brackenridge?
• a. Harvard
• b. Princeton
• c. Yale
• d. Dartmouth

51
Multiple Choice

• 22. Who painted The Death of General Wolfe
  (1770)?
• a. Benjamin West
• b. John Trumbull
• c. Gilbert Stewart
• d. John Singleton Copley

52
Multiple Choice

• 23. Who purchased Gilbert Stewarts collection?
• a. John Ringling
• b. John Trumbull
• c. PT Barnum
• d. Asher Benjamin

53
Multiple Choice

• 24. Architecture
• a. Reflected a gothic style
• b. Showed loyalty to England
• c. Was unrefined
• d. Displayed nationalism

54
Multiple Choice

• 25. The new federal capitol city was named after
• a. George Washington
• b. Thomas Jefferson
• c. John Adams
• d. Abraham Lincoln

55
Multiple Choice

• 26. Who recommended Models of antiquity for the
  new federal city?
• a. Benjamin
• b. West
• c. LEnfant
• d. Jefferson

56
Multiple Choice

• 27. Federal Style is restrained classicism.
• a. True
• b. False

57
Multiple Choice

• 28. In 1775 how many newspapers were Loyalist?
• a. 1
• b. 7
• c. 9
• d. 13

58
Multiple Choice

• 29. How many people in New England were literate?
• a. 75
• b. 90
• c. 85
• d. 95

59
Multiple Choice

• 30. Who wrote The Age of Reason (1795)?
• a. Filson
• b. Webster
• c. Warren
• d. Paine

60
References

• Multiple Authors. ( July 17, 2003). The
  Renaissance. The Renaissance. Retrieved from 
  http//www.teacheroz.com/renaissance.htm.
• Fredrick J. Dockstader. (2009). Native American
  Art. Native American Art. Retrieved from
• http//www.history.com/topics/native-american-art
  

61
References Contd.

• Multiple Authors. (1997). British Colonial Art.
  British Colonial Art. Retrieved from
  http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-
  2536600042.html
• Otehlia Cassidy. (September 25, 2009). The
  History of West African Dance. The History of
  West African Dance. Retrieved from
  http//www.ehow.com/abouthistory-west-african- dan
  ce.html

62
References Contd.

• Faragher, J.M., Buhle, M.J., Czitrom, D.,
  Armitage, S.H. (2002). Out of Many, A History of
  the American People. Upper Saddle River, NJ.
  Prentice Hall.