Test 1

1
Test 1

• Grades were Fair,
• But ADD 10 POINTS to Your Score
• (Dont Count on it for Next Test!)
• Grades After Curve
• A/B 88
• B/C 75
• C/D 62
• D/F 50

2
Evidence Why You Should Attend Class Regularly

• of Quizzes Taken Avg. Grade
• 3 69.23 71.05
• 2 60.36 59.88
• 1 58.46 57.16
• 0 56.17 59.33
• Quiz Attendance (a proxy for overall attendance)
  explains a full letter grade difference in Test 1
  scores!
• Only 3 tests, so probably not Significant

2000
1999
3
Question of Time - Quiz

• If you plotted all of geologic time on a time
  line as long as the circumference of the Earth
  (25,000 mi or 40,000 km), what distance would
  represent 1 year?
• What distance would represent 75 years?
• What distance would represent 1 semester (4
  months)?

4
The Whole Earth Time Line

• Circumference of the Earth is 25,000 mi (40,000
  km)
• What distance would represent 1 year?
• Divide Distance by of Years (4,600,000,000 yr)
• Easiest if We Use Metric Units

5
The Whole Earth Time Line

• 40,000 km / 4,600,000,000 yr
• distance represented by 1 year?
• 40,000,000 m / 4,600,000,000 yr
• 4,000,000,000 cm / 4,600,000,000 yr
• 0.87 cm / yr (0.34 inch / year)

6
The Whole Earth Time Line

• 0.87 cm / yr (0.34 inch / year)
• X 75 yr 65 cm
• (Lifetime 25.7 inches)
• X 0.33 yr 0.29 cm
• (Semester 0.7 inch)

7
Dont Write This Down!

• 40,000,000,000,000 microns / (4,600,000,000 yr X
  365 day/yr X 24 hr/day) 0.99 micron / hour
• This Lecture would be just over 1 micron long on
  the Whole Earth Time Line.
• The paper you are writing on is about 100 microns
  thick

8
Geology 1 (Kite) Quiz 4 15 Feb 2000

• Fill out the landslide classification chart on
  the next slide
• Put a ? next to the two most deadly types of
  landslides worldwide.
• Put a next to the most costly types of
  landslides in the Appalachians.
• Put a Flying WV next to all landslides common in
  the Appalachian region
• Which 2 States lead the US in Landslide damage
  per person?
• Which 2 States lead the US in Total Landslide
  Damage?
• What are the causes of Landslides?
• This Quiz MUST BE TURNED IN TODAY (15 February,
  2000) for any credit.

9
Soil
Landslides
Rock
Debris
Earth
Fall
Topple
Planar Slide
Type of Motion
Rotational Slide
Flow
Avalanche
10
Last Time We Learned...Best Way to Break Rock

• Create Tension Within.

11
Cement Leached Out by CaCO3 Dissolution

• NOx or SO2 or CO2 Water Acid
• Acid Calcite Ions in Solution

12
Cement Leached Out by CaCO3 Dissolution

• NOx or SO2 or CO2 Water Acid
• Acid Calcite Ions in Solution

13
Cement Leached Out by CaCO3 Dissolution

• NOx or SO2 or CO2 Water Acid
• Acid Calcite Ions in Solution

14
Role of Rock Type

• Bedding, Foliation, Joints Avenues for
  Weathering
• Spheroidal Weathering .

15
Weathering Front
16
Weathering Rind
17
Speroidal Weathering
18
Role of Rock Type

• Porosity Void Space
• Permeability Ability for Fluid to Penetrate
• Particle Size
• Volume v. Surface Area .

19
WeatheringFacies
Temp
Strong Physical
Very Slight
Strong Chemical
Rainfall
20
SOILS

• Soils (Engineering) Unconsolidated Earthy
  Materials
• Soils (Soil Science, Geology) Unconsolidated
  Earthy Materials that Support Life

21
Transported Soils vs. Residual Soils

• Wind Deposits in Situ Weathering
• Stream Deposits of Bedrock
• Glacier Deposits
• Beach Deposits

22
Soil-Forming Factors

• Climate
• Organisms
• Relief (Topography)
• Parent Material
• Time .

23
Soil Orders - USA
Soils Vary a Great Deal From Region to Region
24
Ye Olde Soil Horizons

• A - Topsoil
• B - Subsoil
• C - Unaltered Unconsolidated Material .

25
Ye Olde Soil Horizons

• A - Topsoil

• B - Subsoil

C - Unaltered Unconsolidated Material
26
Modern Soil Horizons

• O - Organic Mat at the Surface
• A - Topsoil Removal of Clay, Iron, etc.
• B - Subsoil Accumulation of Clay, Iron,
• Humus, etc.
• C - Barely Altered Unconsolidated Material
• R - Solid Bedrock .

27
Modern Soil Horizons
O

• A

• B

C
R
28
Mass Movement Mass Wasting

• colluvial processes
• slope processes
• slope failures
• LANDSLIDES

29
Strength of Slope Cohesion Strength of
Material

• Strength of Material Varies with Moisture
• Poor Drainage Slope Instability .

30
Angle of Internal Friction

• Stable Angle of Slope for a Material .

31
Angle of Internal Friction

• Qtz Sandstone 90o

32
Angle of Internal Friction

• Shale 45o
• or 11 Slope

33
Angle of Internal Friction

• Old Landslide Deposits 5-25o

34
Angle of Internal Friction

• Clay 1-15o

35
Shear Strength/Shear Stress

• Factor of Safety

36
Soil
Landslides
Rock
Debris
Earth
Rock Fall
Debris Fall
Earth Fall
Fall
Topple
Rock Topple
Debris Topple
Earth Topple
Planar Slide
Rock Slide
Debris Slide
Earth Slide
Type of Motion
Rotational Slide
Rock Slump
Debris Slump
Earth Slump
Flow
Rock Flow
Debris Flow
Earth Flow
Rock Avalanche
Debris Avalanche
Earth Avalanche
Avalanche
37
Basic Landslide Classification
Material
Soil
Rock
Debris
Earth
Type of Motion
38
Material
Rock Bedrock
Soil Unconsolidated Material
Debris gt20 Big Stuff (gt2 mm)
Earth lt20 Big Stuff (gt2 mm)
39
Soil
Landslides
Rock
Debris
Earth
Fall
Topple
Planar Slide
Type of Motion
Rotational Slide
Flow
Avalanche
40
Types of Landslides
41
Soil
Landslides
Rock
Debris
Earth
Rock Fall
Debris Fall
Earth Fall
Fall
Fall
Topple
Topple
Rock Topple
Debris Topple
Earth Topple
Planar Slide
Rock Slide
Debris Slide
Earth Slide
Type of Motion
Rotational Slide
Rock Slump
Debris Slump
Earth Slump
Flow
Rock Flow
Debris Flow
Earth Flow
Avalanche
Rock Avalanche
Debris Avalanche
Earth Avalanche
42
Landslides
Topple
Fall
43
Landslides - Topple
44
Landslides - Rock Fall
Fall
45
70 ton Boulder Mon Blvd., 10 March 1994
46
Soil
Landslides
Rock
Debris
Earth
Rock Fall
Debris Fall
Earth Fall
Fall
Topple
Rock Topple
Debris Topple
Earth Topple
Planar Slide
Planar Slide
Rock Slide
Debris Slide
Earth Slide
Type of Motion
Rotational Slide
Rotational Slide
Rock Slump
Debris Slump
Earth Slump
Flow
Rock Flow
Debris Flow
Earth Flow
Avalanche
Rock Avalanche
Debris Avalanche
Earth Avalanche
47
Landslides
Planar Slide Slide
Rotational Slide Slump
48
Landslides
Planar Slide Slide
Rotational Slide Slump
49
Landslides
Planar Slide Slide
Rotational Slide Slump
50
Slump
51
Slump in California
52
Slump
53
La Conchita, California Slump
54
Slump, La Concita, California
55
Hurricane Georges (1998) Slump, Puerto Rico
56
Seattle Shoreline Where Would You Be Safe?
57
Soil
Landslides
Rock
Debris
Earth
Rock Fall
Debris Fall
Earth Fall
Fall
Topple
Rock Topple
Debris Topple
Earth Topple
Planar Slide
Rock Slide
Debris Slide
Earth Slide
Type of Motion
Rotational Slide
Rock Slump
Debris Slump
Earth Slump
Flow
Flow
Rock Flow
Debris Flow
Earth Flow
Rock Avalanche
Debris Avalanche
Earth Avalanche
Avalanche
Avalanche
58
La Guaira, Venezuela Dec 1999
59
La Guaira, Venezuela Dec 1999 15,000 to 100,000
Dead
60
November 1985Debris Flow Track, Twin Run,
Pendleton Co., WV
61
Superelevation of Debris Flow, Twin Run
62
Kanawha City Debris Flow 3 Dead 1973
63
Mt. St. Helens Lahar, 1982
64
Mount Rainier, WA
Lahar ( Debris Flow Debris Avalanche) Hazard
in the Seattle Area This Image
http//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Rainier/Outreac
h/screen_poster_lahar_haz.jpg
65
Mt. Huascaran, Peru, 1970
gt300 km/h
How Fast?
17,000 dead
66
Armero, Colombia, near Nevado del Ruiz Volcano,
Nov. 1985
23,000 Dead
67
Armero, Colombia, destroyed by lahar on November
13, 1985. More than 23,000 people were killed in
Armero when lahars (volcanic debris flows) swept
down from the erupting Nevado del Ruiz volcano.
http//vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Colombia/Ruiz/
description_eruption_lahar_1985.html
68
Soil
Landslides
Rock
Debris
Earth
Rock Fall
Debris Fall
Earth Fall
Fall
Topple
Rock Topple
Debris Topple
Earth Topple
Planar Slide
Rock Slide
Debris Slide
Earth Slide
Type of Motion
Rotational Slide
Rock Slump
Debris Slump
Earth Slump
Flow
Rock Flow
Debris Flow
Earth Flow
Rock Avalanche
Debris Avalanche
Earth Avalanche
Avalanche
69
Creep Start Here 17 Feb
70
Creep
71
Creep
72
Creep
73
Creep
74
Creep
75
Landslides by U.S. Region

• California 40 of U.S. damage
• West Virginia 13 of U.S. damage

76
U.S. Landslide Risk
77
WV Has 1st or 2nd Highest Landslide Damage Per
Capita

• 100-300 /person/yr
• About Same as UTAH

78
Main Regional Problems Are

• Road Failures
• Building Damage
• Construction Cost Over-Runs

79
Regional Causes of Landslides

• Steep Topography
• Mountains
• Incision by Rivers
• Materials
• Red Shales - Expansive Clays
• Stupid or Ignorant People
• Oversteepening of Slopes
• w/o Geotechnical Consulting

80
Solutions to Landslide Problems

• Dont Be Stupid
• Seek Geotechnical Help From Geologists or Civil
  Engineers