Title: Roots, Perspectives, and Impact of Imperialism
1The Age of Imperialism (1800-1914 AD)
Roots, Perspectives, and Impact of Imperialism
2Objectives
- --------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------ - Describe the political, economic, and social
roots of imperialism. - --------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------ - Analyze the perspectives of the colonizers
(imperialists) and the colonized regarding
indigenous language, natural resources, labor,
political systems, and religion. - --------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------ - Explain the global impact of imperialism
including the modernization of Japan, the
political and social reform of China, and the
exploitation of African resources. - --------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------
3I. Understanding Imperialism (1)
- Key Imperialism Terms
- Imperialismthe extension of a nations power
over another nation through economic, political,
and/or military methods to gain political,
economic, and social control of that nation. - Imperialists or Colonizersnations or
groups of people who extend their power
over
another nation to gain political,
economic, and social control of that nation
(in other wordswho sets up the colony). - Natives (Indigenous) or Colonized
nations or groups of people who are
controlled politically, economically, or
socially by another nation or group of
people (in other wordsthe colony).
Imperialism results in nations attempting to take
control over other parts of the world.
4I. Understanding Imperialism (2)
- Imperialism has occurred throughout history
including - Ancient World (Assyrians, the Roman Empire, and
the Han Dynasty) - 8th-16th Century (Franks, Mongols, and Aztecs)
- 16th-18th Century (England,
France, Spain, and Portugal in
North America) - 19th-20th Century (New
Imperialism)WHAT WE
WILL FOCUS ON!!!!
Imperialism, throughout history, has involved
some degree of racism or similar beliefs that one
group of people are somehow superior to another
group of people.
5I. Understanding Imperialism (3)
- During the period of New Imperialism, Mass
Societies were unifying people together into
Nation-States. - New Imperialism refers to the period when
nations switched from having a few trading posts
to direct control of vast territories. - Nations engaged in the New Imperialism
- Technology (advanced weapons) from the Industrial
Revolution enabled the imperialist armies to
easily gain control of the territories in Asia,
Africa, and the Pacific.
Great Britain Portugal Belgium
France Spain Russia
Japan Germany Italy
The Netherlands The United States
6Map showing the territory claimed by major
nations during the Age of Imperialismthe New
Imperialism.
7II. Motivations for Imperialism (1)
- Imperialism can be caused due to political,
economic, and/or social reasons. - Main factors motivating imperialism
- Economic
- Nationalism (Ideological)
- Racism (Ideological)
- Political
- Exploratory
- Religious
8II. Motivations for Imperialism (2)
- Motivating Reason 1 Economic
- The Industrial Revolution created a demand for
more colonies, more raw materials, and more
markets. - Industrialized nations needed more colonies in
order to obtain the raw materials, have access to
cheap labor, and control foreign trade. - The raw materials were used to make manufactured
goods and technologies. - The manufactured goods and new technologies were
then sold to the new markets in the colonies
(sold to the natives they took the raw materials
from). - The new markets and control of the raw materials
led to more wealth for the imperialistsit was
all about making more money.
9The Triangular Trade is an example of the
Economic Motivation for Imperialismthe colonies
provided wealth.
10II. Motivations for Imperialism (3)
- Motivating Reason 2 Nationalism (Ideological)
- The more colonies an imperialist nation had, the
stronger that nation was considered in the world. - Colonies became a source of national pride for
Industrialized nations. - The imperialist nations thought their culture and
language the best in the world and desired to
spread it to other
areas. - The belief that great nations should
have empires only fueled this
Nationalism.
The Nationalism Motivation for Imperialism
encouraged many imperialist nations to set up
colonies to spread their Best culture worldwide
11II. Motivations for Imperialism (4)
- Motivating Reason 3 Racism (Ideological)
- Extreme nationalism often leads to feelings of
cultural and racial superiority. - These beliefs were based upon Charles Darwins
theory of Natural Selection and Herbert Spencers
theory of Social Darwinism. - These theories of the survival of the fittest
led to a number of beliefs - It is natural for the stronger nations of the
world to conquer the weaker nations of the
worldonly the strongest nations would survive. - It is the duty of the imperialists to civilize
(meaning Westernize) the people of inferior
races. - The white race is superior to all other races.
- These racist beliefs were used to justify
Industrialized nations colonizing.
12The Racism Motivation for Imperialism was fueled
by the Survival of the Fittest theories of
Charles Darwin (Far Left) and Herbert Spencer
(Near Left).
Right British soldier getting a pedicure from
Indian servants (trying to civilize the
heathens).
13II. Motivations for Imperialism (5)
- Motivating Reason 4 Political
- Imperialist nations attempted to grab up
territory and control the resources and markets
so that rival nations could not. - Modern technology led to advanced weapons that
allowed Industrialized nations to easily take
over territory and maintain control. - The desire to have more political power than
rival nations (caused by extreme Nationalism)
caused the imperialists to set up as many
colonies as possible in the Third World. - Colonies gave a nation a chance to demonstrate
their military power, gain prestige in the world,
and maintain national security.
14The Political Motivation for Imperialism led to
the imperialist nations grabbing up as much land
in the world as possible (as shown above) to
prove their power and military might.
15II. Motivations for Imperialism (6)
- Motivating Reason 5 Exploratory
- Some imperialist nations simply wanted to explore
the unknown. - The desire to gain scientific and medical
knowledge to improve peoples lives and cure
diseases also drove some of the imperialism. - Some imperialists wanted to go on an adventure
investigate the unknown. - Many times these Noble reasons were simply used
to cover up the real reasons for the
imperialismsuch as to make money!
Wanting an adventure and exploring the unknown
are examples of the Exploratory Motivation for
Imperialism.
16II. Motivations for Imperialism (7)
- Motivating Reason 6 Religious
- The majority of the imperialist nations wanted to
spread their religious beliefs to the
uncivilized natives. - Imperialists also attempted to protect their
missionaries in other lands. - The goal of the missionaries was to educate the
natives and spread the values and morals of the
imperialist nations. - Again, this Noble reason
was often simply used to
cover up the real reasons for
the imperialism.
These German missionaries in Japan are an example
of the Religious Motivation for Imperialism.
17III. Perspectives on Imperialism (1)
- Imperialists (Europeans) felt superior entitled
to control the colonies. - The imperialists ruled the colonies so that they
were profitable and productive for them, but not
for the natives. - The rights and opinions of the natives were not
taken into consideration when governing the
colonies. - The imperialists tried to assimilate, or conform,
the natives to the culture of the European
conqueror. - The European beliefs were forced upon the natives
who often resisted. - Different cultural perspectives between the
imperialists and the natives often led to
conflict.
18III. Perspectives on Imperialism (2)
- Perspective Conflict 1 Languages
- The imperialists often imposed their language
upon the natives. - The imperialist government would run schools in
the colonies that taught and used the
imperialists language (but not the natives
language). - To be economically successful in the colonies,
the natives would have to learn and use the
imperialists language. - All legal documents were often only written in
the imperialists language. - Many natives would often resist the Western
language and continue to use their native
language.
Indigenous people (Left) are often forced to give
up their native culture, including their
language, and accept the imperialists culture
(Right).
19III. Perspectives on Imperialism (3)
- Perspective Conflict 2 Natural Resources
- The imperialists felt that they had the right to
help themselves to the raw materials found in the
colonies. - The imperialists did not let the natives
industrialize because then they would have to
compete with them for raw materials. - The imperialists often did not pay for the raw
materials or for the labor. - The only payment the natives received was the
right to purchase manufactured goods from the
imperialists (which was viewed as payment enough
because it improved the lifestyle of the
natives). - The natives felt they were being robbed and their
land was being destroyed.
South African gold and
diamonds
20III. Perspectives on Imperialism (4)
- Perspective Conflict 3 Labor and Economic
Systems - Most of the natives had a Traditional Economy.
- When the imperialists took over, the natives were
forced to work for them for very low wages (a
more Market Economy). - The lands were seized from the farmers to build
factories on and then those farmers were turned
into hired workers. - These forced changes were incompatible with the
natives lifestyles. - The native workers would often rise up and rebel
in response to these changes, but were almost
always unsuccessful.
21III. Perspectives on Imperialism (5)
- Perspective Conflict 4 Political Systems
- The imperialists found a variety of political
systems in lands they conquered. - The imperialists often imposed their own
political system on the natives - If Indirect Rule the imperialists rule the
colony through local leaders with no real power
because they are controlled by the imperialists
(often used by the British) - If Direct Rule the imperialists overthrow the
local leaders and establish their own officials
to manage the colony (often used by the French)
Indirect Rule is often called a Puppet State
because another nation is pulling the strings
and controlling what happens.
22III. Perspectives on Imperialism (6)
- Perspective Conflict 5 Religion
- Missionaries would often go to the colonies to
set up their own schools, hospitals, and churches
based upon the imperialists religion. - These missionaries believed that the natives were
an inferior race that needed to be civilized by
converting them to Christianity. - The natives had their own religious beliefs
and would often resist conversion with the
end result being violence.
Christian missionary forcing Indian Hindus to
convert to Christianity.
23IV. Imperialism in Central/Southeast Asia (1)
- European interest in Asia can be traced back to
the Roman Empire and the dealings with the Silk
Road. - In 1800, only the Spanish Philippines and the
Dutch East Indies were colonizedby 1900 almost
the entire area was colonized. - India, Bengal, and Burma
- Up until 1756, India was controlled by the
French. - In 1756, the British drove the French out of
India after the Black Hole of Calcutta incident
in which 146 British soldiers were placed in a
small dungeon by the French and left to die (only
23 survived). - The British East India Company was given control
over most of India and under their leadership
India became the jewel in the English Crown. - Major-General Robert Clive established the
military supremacy of the East India Company over
India and Bengal (Bangladesh). - In 1819 Great Britain also had control of
Singapore and Burma (to protect their claim on
India).
24India and the East Indies (as seen today)
25- The dungeon was a strongly barred room and was
not intended for the confinement of more than two
or three men at a time. There were only two
windows, and a projecting veranda
outside and thick iron bars within
impeded the
ventilation, while fires
raging in different
parts of the fort
suggested an atmosphere of
further oppressiveness. The
prisoners were
packed so tightly
that the door was
difficult to close. - --John Holwell, on the Black Hole survivors--
26The British East India Company had a tight grip
upon India (The East India House is shown in the
bottom left).
27Left Robert Clive Right Robert Clive
establishing the military supremacy of the
British East India Company over India at the
Battle of Plassey in 1757.
28The Maharaja of Pannah (Left) and The Palace of
the Nawab in Bengal (Right) show that
Civilization existed in Central/Southeast Asia
long before the Europeans showed up.
29IV. Imperialism in Central/Southeast Asia (2)
- India and Burma (Continued)
- Indian resistance came in the form of the Sepoy
Mutiny of 1857 when Indian soldiers used by the
British East India Company were given new rifles
to use. - The new rifles and rifle cartridges were
lubricated with beef and pork fat - Most of India was made up of Muslims and Hindus
- Cows (beef) are sacred to the Hindus
- Pork is forbidden to the Muslims
- This was an insult to their religions and caused
the revolt - After the Sepoy Mutiny, Great Britain changed
from Indirect Rule to the much more oppressive
Direct Rule (Queen Victoria took control in 1876) - The British would continue to dominate India,
providing technological and industrial
advancements, while also exploiting India and not
treating them as equals. - Mohandas Gandhi would lead the independence
movement in the 1900s using Passive Resistance
because the Indian National Congress (formed in
1885) did not do enough to end the exploitation
of India. - India would not gain full independence until 1947.
30British Queen Victoria in India.
31British and other Europeans living in
Central/Southeast Asia lived like Maharajas
(kings and queens).
32Natives of Central/Southeast Asia were used to
increase the size and power of the British
military.
33Left Indian Sepoys Right The Sepoy Mutiny
(fought over a religious insult).
34Fighting during the Sepoy Mutiny.
35The execution of the Sepoy Mutiny leaders
(setting an example).
36Amritsar Massacre of 1919 where 379 Indians were
killed and another 1,200 were wounded (only one
example of the brutal British rule that occurred
after the Sepoy Mutiny).
37Top Mohanda Gandhi who led the Indian
Nationalist movement to gain Indias
Independence Bottom Gandhi leading a protest
march (he used Passive Resistance methods).
38IV. Imperialism in Central/Southeast Asia (3)
- The French dominated Indochina starting in 1857
(Vietnam, Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos)
until the 1950s. - The Spanish and Portuguese also had influence in
the area. - The United States took control of the Philippines
in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. - Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet
in Manila Bay. - Emilio Aguinaldo led a rebellion in the
Philippines against Spanish and then U.S.
imperialism and lost. - The Philippines would not gain independence until
after WWII. - Thailand (Siam) was the only independent state in
Southeast Asia during this time (used as a buffer
between the British and French).
39Colonial possessions in Southeast Asia.
40Top Left George Dewey Top Right U.S. fleet at
the Battle of Manila Bay Bottom Left Emilio
Aguinaldo Right Bottom Filipino resistance
fighters killed in the Spanish-American War of
1899.
41The Great White Fleet of the United States
allowed the U.S. to dominate the seas of the
world and begin building an American empire in
Asia, the Pacific, and Latin America after the
Spanish-American War.
42Uncle Sam The Colossus of the Pacific
political cartoon (a parody of the Colossus of
Rhodes political cartoon).
43V. Imperialism in China (1)
- European interest in China increased in the
13th-14th centuries due to Marco Polointerest
continued into the 19th century. - China was not directly controlled by a foreign
nation and instead was split into Spheres of
Influence. - Spheres of Influence an area under foreign
economic domination (NOT a COLONY). - China had managed to isolate itself as an
agricultural nation. - The only outside contact was due to its exports
of tea, silk, porcelain. - Manufacturing and trading in China were
insignificant and looked down upon at this time.
44Marco Polo (Above) began the European interest in
China with his tales of adventure By the 1900s,
China would not be colonized, but split into
Spheres of Influence (as shown to the Right).
45V. Imperialism in China (2)
- The Manchu rulers (Qing Dynasty) of the 1500s
were unable to deal with the outside influences
due to little development of technology and the
weak leaders. - By the 1800s, the Qing Dynasty was dominated by
Regional Warlords who fought with each other
constantlythe warring factions would turn to
European powers for aid. - In the 1800s, Great Britain introduced the highly
addictive drug, Opium, to the Chinese and caused
the Opium Wars of 1839 - Great Britain was making a huge profit from
selling Opium to the Chinese and could not keep
up with the demand. - The Chinese officials tried to outlaw the drug,
which led to the war. - In the end, the Manchu rulers lost the war and
were greatly weakened. - The Nanking Treaty of 1842 created the British
colony of Hong Kong and gave Great Britain
special trading rights. - This marked the beginning of Western influence in
China.
46Opium (Left) is highly addictive and led to many
social problems (Bottom) Ships brining Opium to
China (Top Right) were destroyed and led to the
Opium Wars (Bottom Right).
47Top Left An East India Companys Opium warehouse
(one of many) Top Right Selling Opium in China
Bottom Right Dead Chinese soldiers killed by a
British bombardment during the Opium Wars.
48V. Imperialism in China (3)
- Germany, France, Japan, Portugal, and Russia then
began to also influence parts of China. - The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864 AD) was fought
over Chinese resentment of the Spheres of
Influence (the rebellion ended with the Manchu
rulers losing even more power). - The United States also wanted a piece of China so
Secretary of State John Hay declared the Open
Door Policy of 1899 to protect Americas right to
trade with China (each country would respect the
other countries trading rights). - The other imperialist nations declared similar
policies. - In 1900, the political unrest in China led to
many reforms of the military and educational
systems, but in the end another rebellion would
result.
49The Taiping Rebellion (Top and Bottom Left)
failed to repel the foreign influence John Hay
(Above) declared an Open Door Policy to get the
U.S. trading rights in China.
50V. Imperialism in China (4)
- The Boxer Rebellion
- The secret society of Righteous and Harmonious
Fists, known as Boxers, wanted to stop foreign
influence in China and led an uprising. - They targeted Christian missionaries and other
foreign influences. - The European imperialists helped the government
crush this rebellion. - The Boxer Rebellion led to even more control over
China by the imperialists. - By 1911 the Manchu rulers had lost all power
the Republic of China was set up by Sun Yat-Sen
based upon nationalism, democracy, economic
security (most citizens were peasants). - China continued to industrialize due to the
spheres of influence. - Chinese independence from foreign control would
not come until after the Chinese Civil War
between the Nationalists and the Communists in
the 1930s and WWII in the 1940s.
51Above Political cartoon showing Russia and Japan
struggling over China and Korea Right Political
cartoon of Russia (the bear) forcing Japan (the
samurai) to accept Russia presence in China.
52Left A rebel during the Boxer Rebellion Right
Battle between Chinese Boxers and a combined
British and Japanese force.
53Top Left U.S. Marines fighting rebels in the
Boxer Rebellion Bottom Left Leaders of the
Boxer Rebellion were tortured and executed
Above Sun Yat-Sen who created the Republic of
China.
54VI. Imperialism in Japan (1)
- Japan had managed to isolate itself from the rest
of the world into the 1800s due to the efforts of
the Tokugawa shoguns. - Japan had a feudal system with a ceremonial
emperor, various shoguns/daimyo controlling the
local areas, the samurai enforcing the rule of
the shoguns/daimyo, the peasants serving them
all. - In 1853 U.S. commander Matthew Perry sailed into
Tokyo Bay with steam-powered, ironclad,
cannon-armed warships to seek U.S. trading rights
with Japan. - U.S. President Franklin Pierce wanted an Open
Door Policy with Japan. - The Japanese realized they could not resist the
Industrialized U.S. so they signed the Open Door
Policy in 1854. - Other nations soon did the same thing.
55Imperialism in Asia and Oceania.
56 The Japanese have become servants to the
foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to Japan but
in fact it's no more than a colony of
Europe. --Japanese Official studying China and
the effects of foreign influence--
The Japanese knew that they had no choice but to
give in to the demands of the United States (but
they didnt have to like it)!!!!
57Top Left a Tokugawa samurai Top Right Japanese
rendition of Commander Matthew Perrys first
visit Left Commander Matthew Perry Right
President Franklin Pierce.
58VI. Imperialism in Japan (2)
- In 1868, the Sat-Cho (daimyo samurai in
southern Japan) overthrew the Tokugawa shoguns
(who had ruled since 1603) and opposed Japan
being opened to trade. - The Sat-Cho wanted to return the power/authority
of the Emperor. - The Sat-Cho put 15-year old Emperor Mutsuhito in
power who quickly transformed Japan from an
isolated feudal society into a modern industrial
power (this became known as the Meiji
Restoration). - The Meiji helped Japan gain a stronger
government, a constitution, modern schools, and
an industrialized military by the 1870s. - The Meiji helped Japan become an important
global-trading partner.
59Left Sakamoto Ryoma (hero and leader of the
Sat-Cho) Right Sat-Cho troops during the
Boshin War over who would lead Japan after the
foreigners were pushed out.
Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians!
60Shogun Yoshinobu (Left), the last of the
Tokagawa, who was overthrown in the Boshin Wars
in an attempt to Restore the Emperor to his
proper power (Right)!
61Left Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito) Right Empress
Haruko.
62Enlightened Half-Enlightened Un-Enlightened
Newspaper cartoon (c. 1870s) showing the
difference between those who accept Western
influence and those who stubbornly held onto
traditional culture.
63Civilization and. . .
. . . Enlightenment!
The Japanese became obsessed with Western culture.
64Everything Western was fashionable!!!!
65The Meiji Restoration helped transform Japan from
a feudal society into a modern, industrial power
that could rival (or mimic) Western societies.
Japanese soldiers walking with their wives
(notice the un-traditional
clothing).
66Westernizethe SchoolSystem(France Germany)
LandRedistribution
Abolitionof the feudal system
ModernBankingSystem (U.S. Britain)
Modernize the Army(Prussian/Germany)
MeijiReforms
WrittenConstitution(Germans U.S.)
Build aModern Navy(British)
Human Rights ReligiousFreedom (U.S.)
EmperorWorshipIntensified
67VI. Imperialism in Japan (3)
- By the 1890s, Japan began to become an
imperialist power itself in China, Southeast
Asia, eastern Russia. - Japan continued to industrialize due to the
benefits of trade with European imperialists. - When Japan defeated both China (Sino-Japanese War
of 1894) and Russia (Russo-Japanese War of 1905),
it became a world power. - Japan fought with China over Korea , Taiwan,
the Liaodong Peninsula. - Japan fought with Russia over Manchuria the
Liaodong Peninsula. - Japan would start the 20th Century as one of the
most powerful Nation-States in the world.
68New players on the block?
Japan and the United States wanted a piece of
China too!!!!
69Top Sino-Japanese War that resulted in Japans
victory over China and gaining control over Korea.
70Japanese victory over Russia in the
Russo-Japanese War.
71Political cartoon of the Japanese victory over
Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (the the spoils
of that war).
72VII. Imperialism in Africa (1)
- Africa was imperialized by the Europeans much
later in history due to the initial interest in
the Americas. - Originally, African imperialism had been limited
to African nations imperializing other African
nations. - The Berlin Conference (1884) set up guidelines
for African imperialism. - In the early 1900s the imperialists interest
turned to Africa. - By 1914, only Liberia (homeland for freed U.S.
slaves) and Ethiopia, were still independent. - Europeans divided up Africa in what became known
as the Scramble for Africadivided into areas
with no regard to native rivalry. - As in other areas, the Europeans attempted to
assimilate the Africans.
73African trade and imperialism from 1450-1600.
74The Scramble for Africa
75The Berlin Conference (Left) of 1884 allowed the
European powers to divide up Africa as if it was
a cake that could be cut and shared.
The Berlin Conference was used to justify the
European powers forcefully taking African land
and dividing it up into new areasthey ignored
tribal differences when doing this!
76VII. Imperialism in Africa (2)
- Reasons for African Imperialism
- To increase the number of colonies (only part of
the world not yet colonized). - To obtain cheap natural resources
(to use for manufactured goods). - To increase trade and wealth.
- To increase political power by
showing military strength.
The Scramble for Africa was a Scramble for
power and prestige among the European powers.
77VII. Imperialism in Africa (3)
- North and Eastern Africa
- Great Britain dominated the northern and eastern
portions of Africa. - Great Britain controlled the Suez Canal in Egypt
(the lifeline to India that connected the
Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea). - The Nile River Valley was explored by Dr. David
Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley. - Dr. David Livingstone found Victoria Falls and
was lost for a while. - Henry Morton Stanley was an American reporter
sent to find Livingstone and report to the
civilized world what this uncivilized world
was like. - Dr. Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley spent
the rest of their lives exploring Africa and
trying to abolish the slave trade. - The French were the main rivals for colonies in
the North.
78Dr. David Livingstone (Top Left) and Henry Morton
Stanley (Top Right)
Livingstone and Stanley meeting for the first
time (Above).
Victoria Falls (Left) that Dr. David Livingstone
found during his exploration of the Nile River
Valley.
79John Speke (Left) and Sir Richard Burton (Right)
who explored the Nile River Valley in search of
the source of the Nile River.
80The Suez Canal (in 1881 on the Left today in the
Middle) allowed Great Britain to dominate in
North Africa Map (Right) showing the trade route
between Great Britain and India.
81VII. Imperialism in Africa (4)
- Western and Central Africa
- The Western and Central portions of Africa
were explored for the slave trade. - King Leopold II of Belgium dominated
exploration colonization of the Congo. - France settled in the area to prevent
Belgian domination. - Western Africa was almost entirely colonized
by the French.
Leopold II of Belgium (Top Right) European
traveling in the Congo (Bottom Right).
82African slavery had existed for thousands of
years, but was exploited to horrific levels by
the white Europeans.
Black rags were wound round their loins, and the
short ends behind waggled to and fro like tails.
I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs
were like knots in a rope each had an iron
collar on his neck, and all were connected
together with a chain whose bights swung between
them, rhythmically clinking. --Joseph Conrads
The Heart of Darkness--
83Harvesting rubber in the Belgian Congo (Left) and
punishing natives for not working fast enough
(Above).
84It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers)
returning with the hands of the slain, and to
find the hands of young children amongst the
bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber
from this district has cost hundreds of lives,
and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to
help the oppressed, have been almost enough to
make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic
is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to
rise and sweep every white person on the Upper
Congo into eternity, there would still be left a
fearful balance to their credit. --
Belgian Official--
85VII. Imperialism in Africa (5)
- South Africa
- South Africa was valuable because of its sea
ports, gold, diamonds. - South Africa was initially colonized by the Dutch
(fought the local Zulu). - The British took over in the early 1800s
- Cecil Rhodes set the British policy based on his
belief that God wanted him to Paint as much of
Africa Red as possible! - Cecil Rhodes set up the De Beers Diamond Company.
- Great Britain had African colonies from the Cape
to Cairo. - The Sun never set on the British empire!
- In the late 1800s, Germany (in German East
Africa) encouraged the Dutch South Africans
(Boers or Afrikaners) to revolt against the
British - From 1899-1910 the Anglo-Boer Wars were fought
and created tension between the British and
Germans. - In the end, the British would win the Boer Wars.
- The British then set up the Union of South Africa
and to appease the Boers only allowed whites to
votethis is the beginning of the Apartheid. - South Africa would be dominated by outside forces
until the Apartheid ended in the late 20th
Century.
86Dutch settlers colonizing South Africa in 1652.
87Zulu Warrior of South Africa.
Dutch settlers (Boers) clashing with a Zulu tribe.
88Cecil Rhodes (Left) worked hard to create a vast
British empire globally (Above) and in Africa
(Right).
89Left Political cartoon of British imperialism.
Right Zulu warriors fighting against British
soldiers.
90The Anglo-Boer Wars (shown in these photos) were
fought between the British imperialists and the
Dutch South Africans known as Boers or
Afrikaners. German East Africa encouraged this
war in an effort to become more powerful than
Great Britain.
91VII. Imperialism in Africa (6)
- Africa Today (Post-Imperialism)
- Most African colonies gained independence by 1980
and became independent nations (as African
Nationalism grew). - These African colonies had difficulty
transitioning to self-government due to their
long dependence upon the imperialist nations. - Many of these Africa nations are still trying to
industrialize. - Lack on modern communication and transportation
systems has made it difficult for these African
nations to compete in the global economy. - Attempts at establishing democracies have failed
due to the weak economiesmilitary dictatorships
have dominated instead. - Thus, much of Africa is engaged in bloody civil
wars due to the political boundaries drawn by the
European powers that put rival groups together. - The major languages in Africa are French,
English, and Portuguese.
92Left Africa during Imperialism Right Modern
Africa.
93Africa is among the worlds Hot Spots for
conflict.
94VIII. Imperialism in Latin America (1)
- Spain and Portugal dominated imperialism in Latin
America through the 1800s. - Revolts, inspired by the Enlightenment and the
Age of Revolutions, began to occur in the 1800s. - Father Miguel Hidalgo led Native Americans in
rebellion against the Spanish and gained Mexicos
independence in 1821. - The Brazilian natives pushed the Portuguese out
of Brazil by 1822. - Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led the
independence movements in South America to push
the Spanish out in 1824.
95Independence Movements in Latin America.
96Father Miguel Hidalgo (Left) led Mexico to
independence Simon Bolivar (Middle) and Jose de
San Martin (Right) led South America to
independence.
97VIII. Imperialism in Latin America (2)
- The United States began asserting its influence
with President James Monroes Monroe Doctrine in
1823 to guarantee the new independence of Latin
America by promising to intervene to
ensure protection from
European influences. - The U.S. defeated the Spanish
in the Spanish-American War
in 1898 and began to create
an empire in Latin America. - The U.S. still greatly influences
political and economic
conditions in Latin America
today.
Political cartoon showing the Benefits of
American imperialism in Latin America and
Southeast Asia.
98U.S. President James Monroe (Top Left) issued the
Monroe Doctrine to guarantee the independence of
the newly formed Latin American nations, while
also ensuring American influence over those
nations.
99Creoles (left) led independence movements and
paved the way for the caudillos to seize power
like Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (right).
Creoles (descendants of Europeans who were born
in Latin America) and Mestizos (European-American
mixed) led the independence movements for
equality peninsulares, Europeans who temporarily
resided in Latin America and then left, were
resented by the creoles Caudillos took over the
newly independent nations and ruled through
military power.
100IX. The Last Step Towards Global War
- Extreme Nationalism had swept through the world
in the 1800s. - The Industrial Revolution allowed nations to
create large, technologically advanced militaries
to assert their power. - As the industrialized nations reached out around
the world in search of more colonies and
political power, conflict grew between them. - Now, in the early part of the 1900s,
industrialized nations were in conflict with each
other in all sections of the world. - These tensions would continue to grow, as
Nationalism, industrialization, and imperialism
grew, and would lead to the Great War (the War
to End All Wars)World War I.
101Paint as much of Africa Red as possible!