Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources

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Title: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources


1
Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
2
Key Concepts
  • Major geologic processes
  • Earthquakes and volcanoes
  • Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle
  • Finding and extracting mineral resources
  • Non-renewable mineral resources

3
Geologic Processes Structure of the Earth
4
Features of the Crust and Upper Mantle
5
Plate Tectonics
  • Divergent boundary
  • Convergent boundary
  • Subduction zone
  • Transform fault

6
Earths Major Tectonic Plates
7
External Earth Processes
  • Weathering - break down of rock
  • Mechanical
  • Frost Wedging
  • Exfoliation
  • Chemical Weathering
  • H2O, CO2, O2 Rock
  • Biological Action
  • Erosion - transport of rock

8
External Earth Processes
  • Agents of Erosion
  • Water
  • Wind
  • Gravity
  • Glaciers

9
Natural Hazards Earthquakes
  • Features
  • Magnitude
  • Aftershocks
  • Primary effects
  • Secondary effects

10
Expected Earthquake Damage
11
Natural Hazards Volcanic Eruptions
12
Resources Minerals and Rocks
  • Mineral (diamond, quartz, gold)

Rock Types
  • Igneous (granite, basalt)
  • Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)
  • Metamorphic (marble, slate)

13
Rock Cycle
Heat, Pressure
Heat, Pressure
Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt
Magma (Molten Rock)
14
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
  • Metallic
  • Non-metallic
  • Energy resources
  • Ores

15
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Categories
  • Identified
  • Undiscovered
  • Reserves
  • Other

16
Finding Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
  • Satellite and air imagery
  • Radiation detectors
  • Magnetometers
  • Gravity differences
  • Seismic surveys
  • Chemical analyses

17
Extracting Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
  • Open-pit (surface mining)
  • Dredging (surface mining)
  • Area strip (surface mining)
  • Contour strip (surface mining)
  • Room-and-pillar (subsurface mining)
  • Longwall (subsurface mining)

18
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
  • Established 1977
  • Mine lands must be restored to pre-mining
    conditions
  • Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977
    sites
  • Limited success due to lobbying efforts of coal
    companies

19
Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources
  • Disruption of land surface
  • Subsidence
  • Erosion of solid mining waste
  • Acid mine drainage
  • Air pollution
  • Storage leakage of liquid mine waste

20
Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources
21
More Environmental Impacts of Nonrenewable
Mineral Resources
Surface mining
Subsurface mining
  • Overburden
  • Room and pillar
  • Spoil
  • Longwall
  • Open-pit
  • Dredging

Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342
  • Strip mining

22
Processing Mineral Resources
  • Ore mineral
  • Gangue
  • Tailings
  • Smelting

23
Supplies of Mineral Resources
  • Economic depletion
  • Depletion time
  • Foreign sources
  • Environmental concerns
  • Economics
  • New technologies
  • Mining the ocean
  • Finding substitutes
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