Title: A New Agenda for Computing Professionals Ben Shneiderman (ben@cs.umd.edu) Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Lab Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies
1A New Agenda for Computing ProfessionalsBen
Shneiderman (ben_at_cs.umd.edu)Founding Director
(1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Lab
Professor, Department of Computer
ScienceMember, Institutes for Advanced Computer
Studies Systems Research
2Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Interdisciplinary research community -
Computer Science Psychology - Information
Studies Education www.cs.umd.edu/hcil
3Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly)
- Specify users and tasks
- Predict and measure (theory-driven,
hypothesis-testing) - time to learn
- speed of performance
- rate of human errors
- human retention over time
- Assess subjective satisfaction
(Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) - Accommodate individual differences
- Consider social, organizational cultural
context -
4Design Issues
- Input devices strategies
- Keyboards, pointing devices, voice
- Direct manipulation
- Menus, forms, commands
- Output devices formats
- Screens, windows, color, sound
- Text, tables, graphics
- Instructions, messages, help
- Collaboration communities
- Manuals, tutorials, training
www.awl.com/DTUI usableweb.com hcibib.org
useit.com
5U.S. Library of Congress
- Scholars, Journalists, Citizens
- Teachers, Students
6Visible Human Explorer (NLM)
- Doctors
- Surgeons
- Researchers
- Students
7NASA Environmental Data
- Scientists
- Farmers
- Land planners
- Students
8U.S. Bureau of Census
- Economists, Policy makers, Journalists
- Teachers, Students
9Treemap - Stock market, clustered by industry
10(No Transcript)
11Four challenges
- 1) Prevent future terror
- 2) Strengthen communities - increase
vigilance - enable rapid response - support
communities in coping - 3) Broaden participation universal usability
- 4) Reduce inequities by international development
-
- http//www.hcibib.org/preventterror/
/communities/
/participation/
/development/
12Preventing future terror
- National ID systems authenticate, monitor, deter
- Monitor selected email, financial transactions,
and travel patterns - Improve transportation security air, train,
ships, roads - Protect public utilities nuclear, water,
electric - Attack terrorist sources
- Eliminate root causes of terror
13Study the process of terror
- Recruitment
- Training
- Decision-making strategies
- Choice of targets
- Travel plans
- Border crossing
- Gaining identity
- Local preparations
- Implementation
1410 Questions for ID System Developers
- How do you
- collect, verify and update the data? what data?
(signature, photo, thumbprint, eyescan) - validate new applications and lost cards?
(are expired cards destroyed?) - conducts verifications? (you need terminals
everywhere) - respond when a false ID is detected?
1510 Questions for ID System Developers
- verify security (prevent hacker destruction),
privacy (keep data in control)
reliability (limit cope with
software /hardware/network/powe
r failures?) - hire, train, and manage employees
to continually improve quality
1610 Questions for ID System Developers
- handle inquiries from police, immigration,
intelligence, and other government agencies? - ensure appropriate management and judicial
oversight? - measure costs, benefits, effectiveness?
17Special classes of users
- frequent travelers who agree to closer monitoring
of their behavior in exchange for faster
processing - non-citizen visitors whose background is checked
more carefully - airline/airport/trucking/port personnel
18Opportunities to increase rights
- Should citizens be able to view
- their records to verify contents
- the log of usage
- government inquiries
- What form of citizen or judicial oversight?
19Cautions for ID system proponents
- Are identification systems a good investment?
- Are other approaches more effective?
- How easy are they to compromise?
- What are the worst case risks?
- Do they generate a false sense of security
20Four challenges
- 1) Prevent future terror
- 2) Strengthen communities - increase
vigilance - enable rapid response - support
communities in coping - 3) Broaden participation universal usability
- 4) Reduce inequities by international development
-
- http//www.hcibib.org/preventterror/
/communities/
/participation/
/development/
21Social Support Concepts
- Online communities
- E-commerce customer service consumer
conversations - Medical support groups information exchange
- Educational discussions teamwork
- Neighborhood forums political organizing
- Technologies
- Synchronous text Instant messaging, chat rooms
- Asynchronous text Listservs, bulletin boards,
newsgroups - Audio,video, virtual realities
22Social Support Goals
- Supporting Sociability
- People Target a population
- Purposes Clearly state focus
- Policies Make expectations explicit
- behavior, privacy, moderation, joining rules
- Designing Usability
- Users Know the users
- Tasks Understand frequencies and sequences
- Systems Choose seamless combinations of tools
Online Communities Supporting Sociability,
Designing Usability Jenny Preece, John Wiley
Sons, June 2000
23Social Support Trust
- Invite participation by ensuring trust
- Disclose patterns of past performance
- Provide references from past and current users
- Get certifications from third parties
- Make policies for privacy security easy to find
read - Accelerate action by clarifying responsibility
- Clarify each participant's responsibilities
- Provide clear guarantees with compensation
- Describe dispute resolution and mediation
services
Communications of the ACM, Dec. 2000, Special
Issue on Trust
24Restore social capital
- Decline in community groups since 1965
- Less volunteerism, reciprocity, honesty, trust,
philantropy - More commuting, women working, TV watching,
solitary activities - Generational change
- Potential remedies
- Youth and school projects
- Workplace changes
- Urban and metropolitan design
- Religion
- Arts culture
- Politics government
Bowling Alone Robert Putnam, 2000
25Four challenges
- 1) Prevent future terror
- 2) Strengthen communities - increase
vigilance - enable rapid response - support
communities in coping - 3) Broaden participation universal usability
- 4) Reduce inequities by international development
-
- http//www.hcibib.org/preventterror/
/communities/
/participation/
/development/
26Broad participation
- Universal usability increases participation
- Involvement and contribution generate pride
- Responsibility and participation increase
protectiveness
27Universal Usability
- Technology variety Support broad range of
hardware, software, and network access - User diversity Accommodate users with
different skills, knowledge, age, gender,
literacy, culture, income, disabilities,
disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise,
light)... - Gaps in user knowledge Bridge the gap
between what users know and what they need to
know
Communications of the ACM, May 2000
28- Technology variety Support broad range of
hardware, software, and network access
Device Independence Input keyboard,
speech,... Output visual, auditory,...
Conversion Text-speech Speech-text,...
1 to 100 range in processor speeds 286 486
Pentium
1 to 100 range in screen sizes Palm
devices Laptops Large Desktop or Wall
Display 30,000 480,000
3,840,000 pixels
Software Versions Compatibility File
conversion Multiple platforms
29- User diversity Accommodate different users
Language Culture Western, Eastern,
developing... Personality Introvert vs
extravert Thinking vs feeling Risk aversion
Locus of control Planful vs playful
Disabilities Visual, auditory, motoric,
cognitiveDisabling conditions Mobility,
injury, noise, sunlight
Age Young to old Gender Male or
Female Income Impoverished to wealthy
Skills Computer newbie to hacker Knowledge
Domain novice to expert
30Gaps in User Knowledge
- Bridge the gap between what users know and what
they need to know
Online Learning (evolutionary, phased)
Introductory tutorials Getting started manuals,
Cue cards Walkthroughs/Demos
Minimalist/Active
Design Layered Level-structured
Task-oriented
Training Fade-able scaffolding Training
wheels Minimalist
Online help Context sensitive, tables of
contents, Indexes, Keyword search, FAQs,
Newsgroups, Chat rooms Online communities
Customer service Email Phone Help desks
31ACM Code of Ethics
- In a fair society, all individuals would have
equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit
from, the use of computer resources regardless of
race, sex, religion, age, disability, national
origin or other such similar factors.
32Four challenges
- 1) Prevent future terror
- 2) Strengthen communities - increase
vigilance - enable rapid response - support
communities in coping - 3) Broaden participation universal usability
- 4) Reduce inequities by international development
-
- http//www.hcibib.org/preventterror/
/communities/
/participation/
/development/
33Information Technology Development
- Support development agencies
- Disaster relief
- Agricultural specialists farm workers
- Hospitals, clinics, doctors
- Roads, irrigation, water, sewage, electricity,
- Education training
- Entrepreneurship business development
- Promote democratic principles
- Civil rights, voting judicial processes
- Free press open markets
- Competent responsive governments
34Rodrigo Baggio in Brazil
35Thomas Jefferson
- I feel... an ardent desire to see knowledge
so disseminated through the mass of mankind that
it may...reach even the extremes of society
beggars and kings. - -- Reply to American Philosophical Society,
1808
36Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory 19th
Annual Symposium May 30-31, 2002
www.cs.umd.edu/hcil