Symbiotic Relationships

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Symbiotic Relationships

• Who gets along? Who doesnt?
• Who hurts who?

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Species Interactions

• 5 basic types of interactions of species within
  an ecosystem.
• Interspecific competition When members of two
  or more species interact to gain access to the
  same limited resources.
• ie food, light, space
• Predation when a member or group of members of
  one species feeds directly on another species.
• Usually animal to animal
• Rare cases of plants to animal
• Parasitism when one species feeds on/in the
  body of another species and harms it.
• Mutualism interaction of two species when both
  benefit from the interaction.
• Commensalism interaction of two species when
  only one benefits from the interaction and the
  other is not harmed or benefited.

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Species Interactions

• Interactions have a significant effect on the
  resources used and the population of different
  species within the ecosystem.
• b/c of these interactions the ability to
  reproduce and or survive is influenced.
• Natural selection takes place through
  interactions.
• The most common interaction is competition.
• For limited resources
• Requires one species to have the ability to be
  more efficient than another when finding and
  utilizing resources like food and shelter.
• The role species play in an ecosystem is
  considered their ecological niche. (ie the job
  they have, how they act towards their
  environment, what they do in their environment)
• When species compete for food, shelter, light
  their niches overlap. The more overlap the more
  intense the competition.

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Species Interactions

• Predation (predatory-prey interaction)
• Most consumer species feed off of other consumer
  species.
• Herbivores feed off of plants and other
  producer type species.
• Omnivores feed on plants and other living
  consumers.
• Carnivore feed on other living consumers only
• To survive predators must eat other prey, without
  they would die and the evolution of the species
  can be stunted.

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Species Interactions

• Predator/Prey cont.
• Predators a closer look
• Methods used to capture prey
• Herbivores simply walk, swim or fly to the
  plant when needing to eat.
• Carnivores/Omnivores have moving prey so there
  are a few main types of capture to eat.
• 1. Pursuit run, chase prey until they wear them
  out or catch up to capture and eat.
• Usually a single predator after a single prey.
• 2. Ambush When one or more predators lay in
  wait or similar techniques to capture and eat
  prey
• Hunting is an organized way to ambush prey, seen
  from lions, wolves, humans, pack type organisms.
• Camouflage The predator disguises themselves to
  ambush the prey.
• 3. Chemical Warfare Predators use venom or
  poison to attack prey
• Venomous snakes and spiders spit on or bite a
  prey organism and wait for them to immobilize
  before eating them.

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Species Interactions

• Prey A closer look
• Evolved/Adapted to avoid predators
• Being able to move fast, quick reflexes (long
  legs, strong muscles)
• Highly developed sense of sight, smell or hearing
  (large eyes, ears, nose)
• Avoidance adaptations like shells (turtles),
  thick bark (giant sequoia), spines (porcupines),
  and thorns (rose bushes, cacti)
• Camouflage being able to blend into their
  environment so as not to be easily seen. (the
  moth, chameleons, cuttlefish)
• Chemical Warfare discourage predators to eat
  them
• by having a Warning Coloration bright colored
  markings like red, orange, yellow, blue all with
  usually black markings. (some frogs, snakes,
  salamanders)
• This lets the predator know that they are
  poisonous or taste bad and should not be eaten.
  (oleander, monarch butterfly)

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Species Interactions

• Prey cont.
• Foul smelling, gives off a nasty odor when
  startled or caught (skunks, skunk cabbage,
  stinkbugs)
• Irritating gives off a chemical or needles that
  irritate the predator. (bombardier beetle,
  stinging nettles)
• Mimicry acting like or looking like an organism
  that is poisonous so as not to be eaten (viceroy
  butterfly looks like the monarch)
• Living in large groups so as to not to be the one
  most likely eaten (schools of fish tuna
  Zebras)
• Usually the one captured and eaten are the sick,
  old or young of the group.

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Symbiosis

• Three types of Symbiotic relationships between
  organisms
• Mutualism both organisms benefit from the
  interaction.
• Commensalism One organism benefits, the other
  organism is not harmed or benefits from the
  interaction.
• Parasitism One organism benefits, the other
  organism is harmed, but may not always die during
  the interaction.

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Looking at pics
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