Spanish Settlement in Texas

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Spanish Settlement in Texas

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Title: Spanish Settlement in Texas

1
Chapter 6
1650-1800
Spanish Settlement in Texas
2
Chapter 6 Preview
Take a look!
3

In the 1680s, Spanish policy toward TX changed.
They had long since given up looking for gold.
The journeys were expensive, it was too far from
Mexico, and it was too dangerous to send
families. However, they still wanted to
strengthen their hold on TX lands because of
French and English interest in the area.
They chose to use the mission system to do this.

A mission is an establishment with a church,
houses, and farm buildings that is used to
spread Christianity.

4
The Purposes of the Missions

Convert the Indians to Christianity
Teach the Indians how to farm
Protect Spanish interests in TX (claim to the
land)

Note Priests represented not only the church,
but also the government.
5
Presidios and Civil Settlements

Presidios are small forts where Spanish soldiers
were stationed. These were built to protect
nearby missions from Indian raids. Oftentimes,
one presidio had to protect several missions.
As the missions and presidios grew, civil
settlements developed which became towns.
Civilians (usually farmers, ranchers, and
merchants) lived there, not priests or soldiers.
They provided products and services to the
missions and presidios.

6
1
OBJECTIVES

Identify important events, issues, and
individuals related to the establishment of
Catholic missions in Texas.

Identify important events, issues, and
individuals related to European colonization of
Texas.

Explain why the date 1718 is important to
Texas history.

cannibal.mi.org/ chad/pic/tx/texas.jpg
7
SECTION 1
RACE TO CLAIM TEXAS

France and Spain were the most powerful countries
in Europe in the late 1600s.

Spanish were in Mexico.
French were in Louisiana.
Both wanted to control Texas.

The race to claim Texas was on!
8
When Spanish found out the French had established
Fort St. Louis (near Galveston), they sent
expeditions to Texas by land and sea.
The Spanish wanted to find and destroy La
Salles Fort.
The Spanish sent Alonso De Leon to find La
Salles Fort.
9
de Leon couldnt find any signs of the French!

Finally, on De Leons fourth expedition, he came
across Fort St. Louis.
The fort was abandoned and lying in ruins.

The Spanish found the bodies of two French
soldiers. They buried the bodies and destroyed
the remains of the fort.
10
Primary Source Father Damian Massanets Journal
There was a great lot of scattered weapons,
broken by the Indians firelocks, carbines,
cutlasses ... We found two unburied bodies,
which I interred (buried)There were many more
torn-up books, and many dead pigs.
11
Spain Begins Building Missions

Hearing of other French survivors, de Leon went
on to explore the East Texas.
Father Massanet traveled with De Leon.
Massanet visited with the Caddoes, whom he called
Tejas.
The Caddoes were very friendly.
De Leon and Massanet interpreted the Caddoes
friendliness as eagerness to become Catholics.

12
Spain Begins Building Missions

De Leon and Massanet were asked to return to East
Texas to found a mission so they could help
protect the Spanish governments claim to the
land.
Several priests and about 100 soldiers went to
colonize the land of the Tejas.

San Francisco de los Tejas FIRST EAST TEXAS
MISSION
13

All appeared to be going well, so de Leon and
Massanet returned to Mexico City to obtain
supplies and government support.
Three priests were left to convert the Indians,
and three soldiers were left to protect the
priests.

14
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15
Spains First Mission Fails

Domingo Teran de los Rios and Massanet checked up
on the missions and found that they were in
crisis.

Drought and disease killed many natives.
Those that were left became hostile.
They were not interested in giving up their way
of life to help priests clear the land and plant
crops.
The mission was running out of supplies.

16
Spains First Mission Fails

The missions lost support of the local people.
French no longer seemed to be a threat to the
Spanish.
Deciding that the costs outweighed the benefits,
Spain abandoned its Texas missions.

This first attempt to occupy Texas was not a
total failure for the Spanish. They learned a
lot about Texas and its native groups. They also
learned that they would need to provide military
support to establish settlements in Texas.
17
FRANCE RETURNS

For the next 20 years, Spain put little effort
into colonizing TexasSo, France became
interested once again.

Of course, when France became interested in
Texas, Spain wanted Texas too.

The French set up two trading posts to trade with
the Native Texans. They were beginning to
develop trade relationships with Native
Americans. This made Spain nervous because the
French often had a larger influence on the
Indians than the missionaries did.

18
Father Francisco Hidalgo

Without missions, Father Francisco Hidalgo (a
Spanish priest) knew that the Native Texans could
not attend church or be baptized.
Realizing the French were drawing nearer, he
decided to make a BOLD request.
Spain had refused Hidalgos request to start
another East Texas mission. It was too dangerous
and expensive.

Hidalgo sent a letter to the French Franciscans
asking for France to send priests to Texas. It
suggested that the French and Spanish work
together to establish missions for the East Texas
Indians.
Somehow the letter ended up in the hands of
Governor Cadillac, the governor of Louisiana, who
thought it was a good idea. He wanted to
establish profitable trade with the Indians and
the Spanish.
Cadillac sent Louis de St. Denis to Mexico City.

20
Trouble Becomes Destiny for St. Denis

The Spanish commander of the presidio, Diego
Ramon, arrested St. Denis for crossing into
Spanish territory. The Spanish were shocked that
he had marched across Tejas unchecked.
While in custody, St. Denis became friends with
Ramon and fell in love with Ramons granddaughter.

While still in custody, St. Denis was questioned
by the viceroy in Mexico city.
St. Denis said the French had no desire to settle
in East Texas and that he only wanted to work
with Father Hidalgo to expose the Indians to
Christianity.
St. Denis was eventually set free with a stern
warning that trade between the French and the
Spanish was not allowed.
The viceroy agreed to settle more missions but
only because he saw the French as a threat.
He decided that presidios and civil settlements
were necessary this time.

Because St. Denis married Ramons grandaughter,
he was hired by the Spanish to be a guide on an
expedition back to East Texas.
The Indians welcomed them this time and seemed to
have forgotten the problems of twenty years
earlier.
Six new missions were established.
One presidio protected them all.

23
1718
Mission San Antonio de Valero

In order to succeed, the new missions would need
a steady stream of supplies.
Spain began looking for a suitable midpoint for
supply caravans traveling from Central Mexico to
East Texas.
On May 1, 1718, Martín de Alarcón and Father
Antonio de Buenaventura y Oliveras established
Mission San Antonio de Valero .

24
The Origin of San Antonio

Across the river from Mission San Antonio de
Valero, Alarcon established Presidio San Antonio
de Bexar.
About 10 families settled here. They called it
La Villa de Bexar.

This settlement at San Antonio de Bexar would
become the most important Spanish colony in
Texas.
It later became the city of San Antonio.

http//www.filelibrary.com/cgi-bin/search
25
War Breaks Out Between France and Spain
1719

When the French in Louisiana heard about St.
Denis, they sent 7 soldiers, led by Lt. Philippe
Blondel, to take the mission at Nacogdoches.
When they arrived, they found only two people
one friar and one lay (not ordained) brother.
So, they decided to take the sacred vestments and
raid the henhouse.
As the leader mounted his horse after tying the
chickens to the pommel of his saddle, the
chickens flapped their wings, the horse reared,
and the lieutenant was spilled in the dirt.

http//www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/article
s/view/CC/qfc2.html
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o
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This gave the Spanish time to escape.
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/61/61.html
28
War Breaks Out Between France and Spain cont.
Without even trying, the French had forced the
Spanish out of East Texas.

The Spanish decided they would not be able to
defend themselves, so they fled East Texas.

This incident was called the Chicken War and
made the Spanishs presence in Texas seem
weak.
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s.htm
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29
Why did the Spanish think they couldnt defend
themselves against 7 people?

At the presidio, the friar greatly exaggerated
the story.
He claimed that a LARGE French force was invading
Texas.
The Result
Families, missionaries, and soldiers panicked.
Captain Domingo Ramon ordered that the East Texas
missions be abandoned.
They went to La Villa at San Antonio de Bexar.

30
Categorizing Information
31
Comparing and Contrasting
32
SECTION 1
MAIN IDEA
Fierce rivals, Spain and France both wanted to
claim Texas. Spain controlled the lands to the
west. France controlled the lands to the east.
Each country would have to establish permanent
settlements in Texas to keep its rival out.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Spanish and French cultures have strongly
influenced Texan culture.
33
1
OBJECTIVES

Identify important events, issues, and
individuals related to the establishment of
Catholic missions in Texas.

Identify important events, issues, and
individuals related to European colonization of
Texas.

Explain why the date 1718 is important to
Texas history.

cannibal.mi.org/ chad/pic/tx/texas.jpg
34
OBJECTIVES
2

Describe important issues surrounding Spanish
colonization of Texas.

Analyze why certain groups of people helped
Spain colonize Texas.

Explain why important population centers
developed in Spanish Texas.

cannibal.mi.org/ chad/pic/tx/texas.jpg
35
Spain Persists

Twice Spain attempted to establish missions in
East Texas, failing both times. However, the
Spaniards could not simply walk away.
If Spain did not occupy Texas, the French would,
and this would bring them dangerously close to
Spains power base in Mexico.

36
France Loses the Race for Texas
SECTION 2

In 1721, after the Chicken War, the Spanish
governor, Aguayo, decided to reopen the abandoned
missions and establish new missions and
presidios.
He met up with St. Denis, who was in charge of
the French settlement at Natchitoches.
When Aguayo discovered that the French were
trading with the Spanish, St. Denis knew that he
would be angry.
St. Denis made a treaty with Aguayo who agreed
not to attack as along as the French promised to
withdraw and return to Louisiana.

37
Meanwhile

Spain sent Brigadier General Pedro y Rivera y
Villalon to inspect the northern frontier.
He recommended that the East Texas missions be
combined and that Spain reduce the number of
troops at the presidios.
The Spanish government decided to save money and
GREATLY reduced the number of soldiers at Los
Adaes. They also closed down Presidio Delores.

This left many of the missions vulnerable to
Indian attack especially the Apaches.
The priests asked the government to suppress the
Indian raids, but the requests were ignored.
Three missions relocated.

39
New Colonists Arrive

Aguayo knew that Spanish settlers were needed to
populate the Texas colonies and help make them
grow.
In 1731, 15 new families were sent from the
Canary Islands to begin their new lives in Texas
because they were willing to take the risk of
settling on the frontier.
These very families would later become the social
elite of San Antonio.

40
An Uneasy Peace

The relationship between the Spanish and the
French colonies became more peaceful and an
unofficial boundary (the Arroyo Hondo River) was
established between Texas and Louisiana.
The Spanish focused on their missionary work and
building colonies.
The French focused on trading with the Native
Americans but did not try again to settle the
region.

41
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42
SECTION 2
MAIN IDEA
Embarrassed by the French in the Chicken War,
Spain vowed to take back East Texas. Colonists
and additional soldiers were brought in so life
in the missions and presidios could resume. By
firmly occupying Texas, Spain finally emerged the
victor over France.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Spanish dominance had long-lasting effects on
Texas.
43
OBJECTIVES
2

Describe important issues surrounding Spanish
colonization of Texas.

Analyze why certain groups of people helped
Spain colonize Texas.

Explain why important population centers
developed in Spanish Texas.

cannibal.mi.org/ chad/pic/tx/texas.jpg
44
OBJECTIVES
3

Explain why Spanish colonization was easier in
some areas than in others.

Summarize the relationship between Spain and
native groups to the north and west of Spanish
Texas.

Analyze Spains choices regarding its Texas
colonies.

cannibal.mi.org/ chad/pic/tx/texas.jpg
45
SECTION 3
Spanish Expansion in Texas
The Tonkawas were living along the San
Gabriel River in Central Texas.

In 1745 the Tonkawas were tired of their
neighbors, the Comanche groups, raiding their
settlements.
The Tonkawas needed help and were desperate.

The Tonkawas called on the Spanish to protect
them.
Spain saw this as an opportunity to help the
Tonkawas and expand its northern boundaries.

As part of its expansion, Spain established
missions in Central Texas over the next few
years.
(expansion process of enlarging the
boundaries of a territory)
These missions were not successful in that area.

The Tonkawas were hit with drought and disease.
Many refused to help with the day-to-day work at
the missions.
Apaches attacked the missions and nearly
destroyed them. The missions had to be relocated
to South Texas.

Escandon led a more successful Spanish expansion
toward South Texas.
Between 1748 1755, 15 missions were founded and
6,000 people settled in 20 towns between the Rio
Grande and the Nueces River, one of which was
Laredo.
He also moved the La Bahía to Goliad, where it
was very successful.

Many of these colonists established ranches.
Some of their families still live work on
the same
ranches today.

http//www.tpheart.com/TeepeeHeart104.html
48
PROVINCES OF NEW SPAIN, 1755
the name for the new Spanish province created
in South Texas in 1749

49
More Spanish Expansion

Spain started to look towards Northwest Texas to
expand.

BEFORE Spain could expand in the northwest, they
had to make peace with the Native Texans in that
region.

The Spanish started with the Lipan Apaches, who
agreed to adopt the mission life if the Spanish
agreed to protect them from their enemies, the
Comanches and the Wichitas.

www.alotta-illusion.nl/ pagina/verzamelportr.html
50

The Spanish built mission San Saba. The Lipans
would visit the mission only
briefly, usually to take gifts
(such as food) from the priests.

www.zellertexasphotos.com/ influence_of_time.htm

The Lipans also STOLE horses or other property
from the Spanish.

The Spanish were never able to covert the Lipans
to Christianity.
51

The Comanches (enemies of the Lipans) found out
the protection arrangement between the Lipans and
the Spanish.
2,000 Comanches pretended to come in peace to San
Saba Mission.

Peace was the last thing on the Comanche's mind!
The Spanish allowed the Comanches inside, which
was a HUGE mistake!
52
THE COMANCHES ATTACK!

Once inside the mission, the priests rushed to
greet the Comanches with gifts.
The Comanches opened fire!

The Comanches burned the buildings and killed
eight of the Spaniards at the Mission.
Determined to drive out the Spanish invaders, the
Comanche warriors attacked the settlement again
the following year. This time they killed 20
soldiers and stole more than 700 head of cattle,
horses, and mules.

53
Spaniards Seek Revenge

The attack at San Saba left Spain angry and
shocked. The Native Texans had destroyed one of
their missions.
In 1757, Colonel Parilla led over 500 Spanish
soldiers and native allies to attack and punish
the Comanches.
Despite the Spanishs confidence and advanced
weapons, they were defeated again.
Spain abandoned San Saba Mission permanently.

54
.
For the most part, Spains attempts to expand
north and west of San Antonio were a failure.
The Missions Fail Again

They had been humiliated by native groups in the
north.
They were taken advantage of by the Lipan
Apaches, raided by the Mescalero Apaches, and
defeated in battle by the Comanches.

55
French and Indian War

The British were fighting the French and their
Indian allies over territory west of the
Appalachian Mountains.

56
French and Indian War cont.

The British won the war and gained control of the
majority of the French empire in North America.
The French gave Spain New Orleans and all of the
land west of the Mississippi River for helping
them in the war.
This HUGE piece of land was Louisiana.

57
http//www.nps.gov/jeff/L...urchaseMap_Large.jpg
58
The problem was

The new territory was so large that Spain could
neither develop or defend it.
Before long, settlers from the United States
would begin invading Spanish territory.

Long term effect Texas eventually became part
of the United States.
59
Rubi Inspects Spanish Territory

In 1764, King Carlos III of Spain sent Marques de
Rubi to inspect the northern frontier because he
knew changes would be necessary to control it.
Now that Spain controlled Louisiana, which was
north and east of Texas, Texas was no longer an
outer part of New Spain.
Spanish officials saw less of a need for missions
and settlements in Texas.

60
Rubis Report

Rubi made the following recommendations
All the missions in Texas need to be abandoned
except for San Antonio and La Bahía.
All settlers should move to San Antonio.
The Spanish should make alliances with the
Comanches and Witchitas so they could defeat the
Apaches.

61
Rubi Inspects Spanish Territory

King Carlos III accepted all of Rubis
recommendations.
These recommendations were not easy to carry out.
Many of the settlers from East Texas were
homesick, so they sought permission to return.
Gil Ybarbo was given permission to go as far as
the Trinity River. He later moved the group
farther east and rebuilt the town of Nacogdoches
without permission.

62
The Spanish Ask a Former French Soldier for Help

Athanase de Mezieres was asked to be a mediator
between the Spanish and the rival tribes of the
Apaches because he had traded with many of them
before.
He convinced a band of Comanches to join the
Spaniards in their fight against the Apaches.
The Comanches did wage war on the Apaches, but it
did not stop them from raiding the Spaniards too.

Spanish attempts to stop the raids were a
failure.
They simply did not have enough soldiers to fight
both the Apaches and the Comanches largely
because these tribes were nomadic and could cover
hundreds of miles in a short time.
One year later the Lipan Apaches came to the
Spaniards seeking a peace agreement.

64
Other Missions Not Mentioned

As you have learned in this chapter, many
missions failed due to diseases, Indian attacks,
and lack of support from the Spanish government.
Also, French traders had more influence on the
natives than did the Spanish missionaries.
However, some missions failed by causes of
nature. Some of the missions were destroyed by
flooding, hurricanes, and fires.
The mission system as a whole had both failures
and successes. It allowed Spain to have a strong
claim to the land, but it was costly both in
terms of money and human life.

65
Individuals Who Led the Last Expansion Effort in
TX for Spain
66
Conflicts Between the Spanish and the Native
Americans
67
SECTION 3
MAIN IDEA
Now that France was no longer a threat, Spain
could establish more missions and settlements in
Texas. However, Native American groups challenged
the Spaniards claim to the land in the north and
west. Spain needed fewer, stronger colonies to
protect its claim.
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Spanish control in Texas would forever change the
lives of Native Americans.
68
Spanish Expansion in Texas
Spain Responds to a French Threat
Worried that France would gain a foothold in
Texas, Spain extended its northern frontier to
the north and east. The Spaniards retreated,
however, when they thought France would assert
its claim on East Texas.
With a firm hold on East Texas, Spain began
expansion efforts. However, hostile native groups
made the Spaniards turn back in the north and
west.
France Loses the Race for Texas
When the Spaniards realized the French had
abandoned East Texas, they moved back into the
region. This time, Spain brought more settlers
and soldiers to reinforce its authority in Texas.
69
OBJECTIVES
3