DISTRICT PLANNING

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DISTRICT PLANNING
Pro. R. Suryanarayana ReddyCentre Head, CDPA
AMR - APARD Hyderabad
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Prelude

• Planning fundamentals
• Decentralised Planning
• Institutional Mechanism for planning
• PRIs and Planning
• District Planning Methodolgy
• Panchayat Level Planning
• Mandal Level Planning
• Urban Planning
• Role of DPC
• Issues in Decentralised Planning

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Some basic questions

• What is a Plan?
• Why do we need a plan?
• When do we need a plan?
• Objectives of Planning
• Success and Failures of Centralised Planning
• Decentralised Planning

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Article 243 G

• Powers, authority and responsibilities of
  Panchayats.-
• Subject to the provisions of this
  Constitution, the Legislature of a State may,
  by law, endow the Panchayats with such powers and
  authority as may be necessary to enable them
  to function as institutions of
  self-government and such law may contain
  provisions for the devolution of powers and
  responsibilities upon Panchayats at the
  appropriate level, subject to such conditions
  as may be specified therein, with respect to- 
• (a) the preparation of plans for economic
  development and social justice 
• (b)the implementation of schemes for economic
  development and social justice as may be
  entrusted to them including those in relation to
  the matters listed in the Eleventh Schedule.

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Article 243 ZD-DPC

• There shall be constituted in every State at
  the district level a District Planning Committee
  to consolidate the plans prepared by the
  Panchayats and the Municipalities in the district
  and to prepare a draft development plan for the
  district as a whole.
• The Legislature of a State may, by law, make
  provision with respect to -
• the composition of the District Planning
  Committees
• the manner in which the seats in such Committees
  shall be filled

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District Planning

• The object of district planning is to arrive at
  an integrated, participatory coordinated idea of
  development of a local area
• Each Panchayat at any level or Municipality is
  treated as a planning unit and the district
  plan is built up through consolidation and
  integration of these plans
• A Plan(Yojana)would be a composite whole which
  consists of several programmes (karyakrams)in a
  mutual interdependent way

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Five Year Plan 15/20 Year Perspective Plan
More exact and attuned to the budgetary allocations that are fixed in the five year plan Concentrates on the larger picture and sets out broad development goals that are not affected by funding constraints
Is guided by existing funding priorities and schemes Aims at influencing funding priorities over the long term
Capable of being projectised and implemented through annual plans, which take out prioritised activities and implement them. Not in projectisable mode but more of setting out priorities
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District/ Mandal/GP Planning
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Stock taking

• Baseline Survey
• Secondary data
• Data Collation
• Data Analysis
• Data Synthesis
• Vision Building

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SCHEMES AND RESOURCES
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SWOT

• Strengths
• Weakness
• Opportunities
• Threats

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Stock Taking -Human Development

• UN HDI
• INDIA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2001
• AP HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007

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Children in India-Present Scenario UNICEF Report
2008

• Every 3 seconds, One child is dying
• 2.1 million children die annually before reaching
  5th birthday
• India accounts for 21 of the worlds under 5
  child deaths
• India Accounts for 8.3 of the worlds low weight
  deaths
• 1/3 of the worlds neonatal (0-28 days period)
  deaths occur in India
• Low Birth weight infants accounts for 43 of the
  worlds infants
• 35 of the Worlds under weight children below 5
  years age live in India

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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2007-08
Description India Japan USA China S. Lanka Pak B. Desh
Population under nourished ( of total population) 2002 20 2.5 2.5 12 22 24 30
Births attended by skilled health personnel () 1997-2005a 43 100 99 97 96 31 13
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births 2005 56 3 6 23 12 79 54
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births 2005 74 4 7 27 14 99 73
Births attended by skilled health personnel () 1997-2005a 43 100 99 97 96 31 13
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Human Development Report 2007
Description India Japan USA China S.Lanka Pak B. Desh
HDI Rank 128 8 12 81 99 136 140
Human poverty index (HPI-) Rank 62 .. .. 29 44 77 93
Gender related Development Index (GDI) Rank 112 13 16 72 88 124 120
Life Expectancy 63.7 82.3 77.9 72.5 71.6 64.6 63.1
Adult Literacy 61 .. .. 90.9 90.7 49.9 47.5
Children under weight for age ( under age 5)1996-2005e 47 .. 2 8 29 38 48
Infants with low birth weigt.() 1998-2005e 30 8 8 4 22 19 36
Population living below 1 a day () 1990-2005e 34.3 .. .. 9.9 5.6 17 41.3
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Description India Japan USA China S.Lanka Pak B. Desh
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years) 62.9 81.9 77.4 72 70.8 63.6 62
Births attended by skilled health personnel () 1997-2005a 43 100 99 97 96 31 13
Population using improved sanitation () 2004 33 100 100 44 91 59 39
Population using an improved water source () 2004 86 100 100 77 79 91 24
Population under nourished ( of total population) 2002 20 2.5 2.5 12 22 24 30
HIV prevalence ( aged 15-49)2005 0.9 lt 0.1 0.6 0.1 lt 0.1 0.1 lt 0.1
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Description India Japan USA China S. Lanka Pak B. Desh
TB cases, prevalence (per 1 Lakh people) 2005e 299 38 3 208 80 297 406
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births 2005 56 3 6 23 12 79 54
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births 2005 74 4 7 27 14 99 73
Population with out Electricity (millions) 487.2 .. .. 8.5 6.7 71 6.2
Forest Area ( of total land) 22.8 68.2 33.1 21.2 29.9 2.5 6.7
Seats in Parliament held by women 9 11.1 16.3 20.3 4.9 20.4 15.1
GDP per capita (PPP US) 2005 3452 31267 41890 6757 4595 2370 2053
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Some Important Socio Economic Indicators-South
India
DESCRIPTION INDIA A.P Karnataka Kerala Tamilanadu
BPL Pop 2004-05 21.8 11.1 17.4 11.4 17.8
IMR 2005 58 57 50 14 37
MMR 27.4 14.8 18.9 6.6 8.8
Life Expectancy-Male (2001-06) 63.90 62.8 62.4 717 67
Life Expectancy-Female (2001-06) 66.90 65 66.4 75 69.8
Area Under Forest 22.79 22.59 16.12 27.85 16.29
Literacy Male 75.26 70.32 76.10 94.24 82.42
Female Litteracy 53.67 50.43 56.87 87.72 64.43
Total Literacy 64.84 60.47 66.64 90.86 73.45
Urban House holds having sanitation facility 73.72 78.07 75.23 92.02 64.33
Rural House holds having sanitation facility 21.92 18.15 17.40 81.33 14.36
Per Capita Income 2005-06 (Q) 25716 26211 27101 32852 29924
Enrolment Ratio ( Classes 1-5th ) 98.20 87.72 108.91 96.92 116.51
Drop Out rate (1-5th Class) 31.47 42.61 9.75 0 3.23
Enrolment Ratio ( Classes 6 -8th ) 62.40 64.86 76.2 93.64 100.41
Dropout Rate (Classes 1-8th) 52.32 59.79 50.59 -9.54 25.15
Source Compilation Book on Socio Economic
Indicators, Dir.Econ.Stat, Govt.A.P,Hyd, 2007
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HDI Ranking Major States
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Human Development Ranking 2007
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Human Development Report 2007
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Incidence of Poverty ()-2002
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Identification of Lead Sectors

• Agriculture and Allied Sector
• Mineral Processing
• Handicrafts
• Services
• Industry
• Tourism
• Potentially Linked Credit Plans of NABARD

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VISION
Vivid idealized description of a desired outcome
that inspires, energizes and helps you create a
mental picture of your target

• A vision is not a project report or a plan
  target. It is an articulation of the desired end
  results in broader terms.
• --A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

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My Dream Village
every villages first concern will be to grow
its own food crops and cotton for its cloth. It
should have a reserve for its cattle, recreation
and playground for adults and children. The
village will maintain a village theatre, school
and public hall. It will have its own waterworks,
ensuring clean water supply. Education will be
compulsory up to the final basic course. As far
as possible every activity will be conducted on
the cooperative basis.
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Space Vision for India 1970
"India with her mighty scientific knowledge and
power house of young, should build her own huge
rocket systems (satellite launch vehicles) and
also build her own communication, remote sensing
and meteorological spacecraft and launch from her
own soil to enrich the Indian life in satellite
communication, remote sensing and meteorology."

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Sams Agenda

• If the global standards meet our needs, we will
  adopt them, if not then we will create our own
  standards.We have to crash the transaction costs
  substantially. We want to do open source and open
  standards as much as possible and sit Indian
  languages on top of that. Broadband connectivity
  needs to be expanded to the 250,000 panchayats in
  the country, which are the backbone of local
  governance When you go to 250,000 panchayats,
  they have to have trained people, systems etc.,.

Sam Pitroda, Advisor to the P.M. On Public
Information Infrastructure Innovations
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• Setting Goals is an important step in Planning
  exercise
• Where do we (District, Mandal, GP) want to be in
  next five years ten years twenty years ?
• What the rate of literacy in our District /
  Mandal / GP will be ?
• b) What will be the number of our children in
  Schools ?
• c) All deliveries will be in institutions or by
  trained workers ?
• d) Where will our MMR stands ?

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• e) Where will our Infant Mortality Rate stands ?
• f) All unemployed will get employment ?
• 1) Wage earning or self employment.
• 2) All the unemployed will be trained in
  various skills
• g) All people will have access to potable
  Drinking Water ?
• h) All the houses have drainage facility ?
• All the habitations have road connectivity ?
• j) Can we have food security for all, including
  destitute?
• k) Can we establish rural business hubs ?
• l) All houses have electricity ?

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We may use the Millennium Development Goals as a
basis191 United Nations member states pledged in
2000 to meet the following eight goals by 2015
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Millennium Development Goals

• Manishankar on MDGs
• Salil Shetty on MDGs

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Planning Sutras
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IDENTIFY YOUR FELT NEEDS

• Safe drinking water
• Nutrition for children mothers
• Playground teachers
• Dispensary/Hospital with building, equipment,
  medicines doctors
• Loan for the self employed
• Training in trades/vocations
• Roads, electricity, markets
• If none of these- you could have an alternative
  set of needs in your district!

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PRIORITISATION OF FELT NEEDS

• What we will take up first ? What is the most
  urgent ?
• What is that helps the poor in the village ?
• What is that helps the women children in the
  village ?
• What will benefit the most number of people ?
• If you have to make a choice, wont you give
  priority to the work that helps the poorest and
  the weakest in the village ?

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What are the available resources?

• People
• Know How
• Sramdan
• Natural resources
• Man made assets
• Funds
• Own funds
• Devolved funds
• Funds under various schemes
• Contribution from the public / NRIs etc.

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Natural resources are equally important

• What is the nature of the land in the district?
  How much is under agriculture? How much is
  irrigated? How much is under forest? Mining?
• What is the state of agriculture? Major crops?
  Scope for horticulture, animal husbandry,
  fisheries, fuel plantation?
• What is the extent of availability of water? How
  much is being used for drinking water,
  agriculture, industry and other purposes?
• How do we protect and sustain the natural
  resources?

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Manmade resources come next ..

• What is the government infrastructure available?
• What are the private assets available?
• You could make a checklist - Tanks, handpumps,
  schools, dispensaries, hospitals, roads, drains,
  veterinary dispensaries, cottage- small-scale
  industry, ITI, godowns, cold storages etc.
• It is a good idea to complete asset registers for
  all Panchayats and departments!
• Can you mark this on a district map? You can use
  the NIC to help out.

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And last but not the least the financial
resources

• What are the programmes in operation in your
  district and how much money is available under
  each?
• Central Plan funds,
• State plan funds,
• Central finance Commission grants,
• State finance commission grants,
• Your own resources, through taxes and user
  charges.
• Do not forget salaries and maintenance
  expenditure --- they are equally important.

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You must invariably find out how much money is
available under the following schemes,

• National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme,
• National Rural Health Mission
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan,
• Midday Meal Scheme,
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
• Integrated Child Development Scheme
• Indira Awas Yojana
• Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana
• Backward Regions Grant Fund
• Central Finance Commission Grants
• State Finance Commission Grants

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5th Sutra

• Matching the needs with resources
• Tied
• Partially Tied
• Untied

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Sixth Sutra- Consolidation

• ZP President has two roles one as president and
  one as Chairperson of DPCs.
• Each Panchayat will make its plan based on its
  needs available resources
• Municipalities will do the same.
• These plan will need to be put together for the
  whole district by the District Planning Committee

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Consolidation includes convergence of plans

• Convergence can be at each Panchayat level when
  projects cutting across different scheme sources
  are taken up,
• Panchayats at different levels can also put their
  resources together to implement common projects
  which benefit all,
• Finally, the Municipalities and the Panchayats
  would sit together to explore areas where their
  plans can pool resources and take up common
  projects.

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Publicity for the plan is the key to better
implementation

• Once activities are mapped with available
  resources and needs of all sections of the
  society are taken into account, the draft plan
  should be made public.

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Seventh Sutra-Implementation

• You must ensure and monitor regular release of
  funds to Panchayats and Urban bodies from the
  schemes entrusted to them,
• Determine who will take up the works the
  Panchayats, Municipalities or the departments
  themselves?
• Monitor the sanctioning of works, tendering,
  hiring, outsourcing Time to be specified for
  each milestones
• Key question will you take up works even for
  assets that do not belong to you?
• Ensure mandatory and regular quality checks.

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The eighth Sutra-Checking whether the goals have
been reached

• Independent monitoring is the only way to find
  out if you have succeeded or failed.
• Is is easier to check whether physical and
  financial goals have been reached - how many
  PHCs or schools have been built?
• But more difficult to find out if quality goals
  have been reached Has child mortality come
  down? Has the drop-out rate come down? Has the
  learning ability of children gone up?
• Is a failed plan a useful plan?
• Yes if one knows why one failed,

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The eighth Sutra-Checking whether the goals have
been reached

• Encourage innovative ways in your district of
  checking whether you have succeeded or failed,
• For example, Panchayats could inspect each other
  and rank themselves.
• Or citizens can be encouraged to give report
  cards on implementation!

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GRAM PANCHAYAT LEVEL PLANNING
Ward Member/ Ex. Elected Reps
IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL GAPS IN THRUST AREAS
AS IDENTIFIED BY DPC
Education Committees
HOLDING GRAM SABHA
Mothers Committees
NETWORKING OF FELT NEEDS AND RESOURCES
PRE GRAM SABHA MEETING/ WARD SABHA
VTDA/VSS
Water Shed
PRIORITISING FELT NEEDS
WUA
VOs
PLAN PREPARATION
NGOs
RMGs
HOLDING GP MEETING
YOUTH GROUPS
ARTISAN GROUPS
SC/ST/Disabled sections
APPROVAL OF PLANS AND SUBMISSION TO MANDAL
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Inter Panchayat Issues
Link roads
GP 2
GP 3
GP 1
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Rural-Urban Interface
Marketing Facilities
Migration of workers
Educational Institutes
Mpl
Food Processing Units
GP 1
GP 2
Forward Linkages
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MANDAL LEVEL PLANNING
MPTCs
IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL GAPS IN THRUST AREAS
AS IDENTIFIED IN DPC
SARPANCHS
PRIORITISING FELT NEEDS
MANDAL EDN. COMMITTEES
TECHNICAL VETTING OF GP PLANS
CONSULTATIVE MEETING WITH STAKE HOLDERS
MANDAL MAHILA SAMAKHYAS
CONSOLIDATION OF GP PLANS
DISTRIBUTORY COMMITTEES
NETWORKING OF FELT NEEDS FOR MANDAL AND
RESOURCES
CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES
MANDAL PLAN PREPARATION
HOLDING MANDAL PARISHAD GENERAL BODY MEETING
ARTISAN GROUPS
OFFICIAL FUNCTIONARIES
APPROVAL OF PLANS AND FORWARDING TO ZILLA
PARISHAD
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ZP (DISTRICT RURAL) LEVEL PLANNING
MP/MLA/MLC
IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL GAPS IN THRUST AREAS
ZPTCs
PRIORITISING FELT NEEDS
MPPS
CONSULTATIVE MEETING WITH STAKE HOLDERS
TECHNICAL VETTING AND CONSOLIDATION OF MP PLANS
DIST. EDN. COMMITTEES
ZILLA MAHILA SAMAKHYAS
NETWORKING OF FELT NEEDS FOR ZP AND RESOURCES
PROJECT COMMITTEES
ZP PLAN(DISTRICT RURAL) PREPARATION
NGOS
HOLDING ZP STANDING COMMITTEES 17 MEETING
ARTISAN GROUPS
OFFICIAL FUNCTIONARIES
APPROVAL OF PLANS AND FORWARDING TO ZILLA
PARISHAD
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FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
GP PLAN MP PLAN ZP PLAN
Maintenance of Drinking Water Schemes/tanks School Building construction, Maintenance Construction of New ZP School Buildings
Sanitation, ISLs, drain maintenance MI Tanks ZP Roads,
Electricity Street Lighting/ Extn.of lines New Colonies Electrification CPWS Schemes
Maintenance to GP Buildings Construction of new GP buildings MP Office Buildings
Internal Roads Link Roads
Shopping Complexes Shopping Complexes Shopping Complexes
Manintenance of hostel buildings Hostel Buildings
Drinking water/Sanitation to existing AWCs/RLUs/ and Subcentres Construction of RLU/GP Building/Subcentres/Community Halls/Anganwadi Centre construction Construction of RLU/GPBuilding/Subcentres/Community Halls/Anganwadi Centre construction
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• CALAMITY FUND
• Unforeseen circumstances like natural
  calamities . . . . .
• Provision may be made in plan

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What about Maintenance of Assets
Created??? Plan has to take care of this also.
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GP Plan
GP Plan
GP Plan
Ward Plan
Ward Plan
Ward Plan
GP Plan
GP Plan
GP Plan
Mandal Plan
ULB Plan
Mandal Plan
ZILLA PARISHAD Dist. Rural PLAN
DPC
HIGH POWER COMMITTEE
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Chapterisation-Excutive summary

• Chapter 1
• Location of Area, Year of constitution, access to
  capital
• Basic Data on population, density, socio economic
  indicators compared to state and national
  averages
• Data on PRI and ULBs
• NRM data, Rainfall, forests, minerals, water and
  soils
• Human Resources working age group, level of
  unemployment, SHG particulars
• Infrastructure Roads, railways,
  telecommunications, irrigation, credit
  facilities, hospitals, schools, colleges
• Vocational training institutions, research
  institutions ICAR etc
• Income and expenditure details for five years
• Special economic activities

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Chapterisation-Executive summary

• Chapter 2
• Diagnostic analysis identifying critical gaps
• 1. Strategic vision regarding listing historical
  legacies, traditions etc leading to backwardness
• 2. Identification of geographical areas requiring
  specific attention
• Chapter 3.
• Sector wise details flow of funds to various
  schemes
• Chapter 4
• Vision Chapter Priorities, summary of thrust
  areas and outcomes to be achieved in 5 years
• Chapter 5
• Abstract of GP/MP/ZP/MPl wise development plans
  addressing the priorities

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DISTRICT PLAN PREPARATION
DPC
ENVISIONING
STOCK TAKING
DISTRICT VISION FORMULATION
IDENTIFICATION OF THRUST AREAS
GOALS SETTING
DISSEMINATION OF VISION
GP PLAN
MEET WITH VO/CBOS
STOCK TAKING
HOLIDING GRAM SABHA
PRIORITISATION OF FELT NEEDS
PLAN PREPARATION
APPROVAL IN GP MEETING
SUBMISSION TO MANDAL
MP PLAN
MEET WITH MPTC/SARPANCH ALL CBOS
STOCK TAKING
PRIORITISATION OF NEEDS
CONSOLIDATION OF GP PLNAS MANDAL OWN PLAN
PREPARATION
APPROVAL IN MPP GENERAL BODY MEETING0
SUBMISSION TO ZPP
TECHNICAL VETTING OF GP PLANS
ZP PLAN
MEET WITH ALL MLA MP/MLC/ZPTC/ CBOS
STOCK TAKING
PRIORITISATION OF NEEDS
APPROVAL IN ZPP STANDING COMMITTEE 17
APPROVAL IN ZPP GENERAL BODY MEETING
SUBMISSION TO DPC
TECHNICAL VETTING OF MP PLANS
CONSOLIDATION OF MP PLNAS ZPP OWN PLAN
PREPARATION
APPROVAL IN COUNCIL MEETING
SUBMISSION TO DPC
ULB PLAN
MEET WITH CBOS
STOCK TAKING
HOLIDING WARD SABHA
PRIORITISATION OF NEEDS
PLAN PREPARATION
DPC
CONSOLIDATION OF GP/MPP/ZP/ ULB PLANS
INTEGRATION WITH OTHER PLANS
ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTION TO GP/MP/ZP/ULB PLANS
TECHNICAL VETTING OF ZP/ ULB PLANS
DRAFT PLAN FOR DISTRICT
SUBMISSION TO HIGH POWER COMMITTEE
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Issues of Concern

• Lack of Information about Resource Envelop
• Availability of Data
• Lack of capabilities
• Incomplete Devolution
• Lack of Political will
• Programme Guidelines
• Inadequate professional planners

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• Thank you