Ch 36 Energy in Ecosystems

1
Ch 36 Energy in Ecosystems
36.1 Food Chains Food Webs
2
34.1 Biotic and Abiotic Factors

• What are biotic and abiotic factors?
• The biological influences on organisms are
  called biotic factors. Physical components of an
  ecosystem are called abiotic factors.

3
Biotic Factors

• A biotic factor is any living part of the
  environment with which an organism might
  interact, including animals, plants, mushrooms
  and bacteria.
• Biotic factors relating to a bullfrog might
  include algae it eats as a tadpole, the herons
  that eat bullfrogs, and other species competing
  for food or space.

4
Abiotic Factors

• An abiotic factor is any nonliving part of the
  environment, such as sunlight, heat,
  precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents,
  soil type, etc.
• For example, a bullfrog could be affected by
  abiotic factors such as water availability,
  temperature, and humidity.

5
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Together

• The difference between abiotic and biotic
  factors is not always clear. Abiotic factors can
  be influenced by the activities of organisms and
  vice versa.
• For example, pond muck contains nonliving
  particles, and also contains mold and decomposing
  plant material that serve as food for bacteria
  and fungi.

6
Biotic and Abiotic Factors Together

• In addition, trees and shrubs affect the amount
  of sunlight the shoreline receives, the range of
  temperatures it experiences, the humidity of the
  air, and even the chemical conditions of the
  soil.
• A dynamic mix of biotic and abiotic factors
  shapes every environment.

7
34.1 The Study of Ecology

• Ecology interactions among organisms and their
  environment
• Biotic Factors Living things found in the
  environments (bacteria, protists, fungi, animals,
  plants).
• Abiotic Factors the nonliving physical and
  chemical conditions (soil, water, air, sun.).

8

• Organism- Smallest unit of ecological study.
• Ex. Blue Sweet lip fish
• Ecologists might ask, How do Blue Sweet lip fish
  adapt to the challenges posed by the
  environment?
• Population- a group of individual species living
  in a particular area .
• Ex. A group of Blue Sweet lip fish
• Ecologists might ask, What factors limit the
  numbers of sweet lip fish living around this
  reef?
• Communities- All of the organisms that live in a
  particular area make up a community.
• Ex. Coral reef is home to many living things
  including fish, coral animals, microscopic
  algae.
• Ecologists might ask, How might a disease that
  strikes the coral animals affect the other
  species in the community?

9

• Ecosystems- includes the living (biotic factors)
  and the nonliving (abiotic factors) things in an
  area.
• Reefs many living species, the temperature of
  the water, and the amount of sunlight
• An ecologist might ask, How does nitrogen move
  within the reef ecosystem?
• Biosphere- broadest level of ecological study.
• Sum of all Earths ecosystems.
• Envelope of air, water, land that supports and
  includes all life.
• Biosphere is a closed system, this means that
  chemicals in the biospheres living and nonliving
  things mostly come from within the system, not
  from the outside.
• An ecologist would study global issues, and the
  effects of climate change on living things.

10
Patchiness of the Biosphere

• Biosphere is not uniform, it is unevenly spread
  out.
• Biosphere is like a quilt of many different
  environments (land, oceans, lakes, ice)
• You can find an uneven distribution of biomes on
  a continent.
• You can find patches of woods, fresh water, and
  marshes in a smaller area of wilderness.
• Patchiness creates a number of different
  habitats.
• Habitat specific environment in which organisms
  live.
• All habitats have different abiotic and biotic
  factors.

11
(No Transcript)
12
Key Abiotic Factors- How it affects animals/
plants

• 1.)Sunlight- provides light and warmth, powers
  photosynthesis.
• Canopy of forest gets more light than the forest
  floor.
• Sea floor gets less light than the surface of the
  ocean
• 2.)Water- essential for all life. (we are 70
  water)
• 3.)Temperature- most life exists between a narrow
  range of temperatures.
• (0? 50 C)
• Few organisms can maintain an active metabolism
  below 0 C
• Most organisms enzymes are denatured above 50C

13
Key Abiotic Factors- How it affects animals/
plants

• 4.) Soil- the product of abiotic forces (such as
  ice, rain, and wind) and the actions of the
  living things (microorganisms, plants and
  earthworms) on the rocks and minerals of the
  earths crust.
• Chemical makeup of the soil and rock affect the
  types of plants that grow there.
• Dry/ nutrient-poor soil dominated by little
  bluestem grasses
• 5.) Wind- it can affect the distribution and
  organisms in several ways.
• It moves clouds and rain over the Earths
  surface.
• Stirs up water in ponds, lakes, and streams.
• Creates currents that bring up nutrients from the
  bottom.
• Helps to disperse pollen and seeds.
• 6.) Sever Disturbances- fires, hurricanes,
  tornadoes, droughts, floods, and volcanic
  eruptions.
• Some are infrequent so organisms have not adapted
  to these disturbances.

14
36.1 Feeding relationships

• Energy flow through ecosystems begins with
  producers.
• Energy flows in 1 direction
• Nutrients cycle

15
Consumers (Heterotrophs)

• Herbivores
• Eat only plants and fungi
• Omnivores
• Eat both plants/fungi and animals
• Carnivores
• Eat only animals
• Detrivores/ Decomposers
• consumers that feed on detritus, the wastes and
  remains of dead organisms.
• Nutrients returned back to the soil

16
Producers (Autotrophs)

• Photosynthetic organisms
• Capture energy from sunlight, CO2 and H2O
• Most producers are photosynthetic
• Chemosynthetic or chemoautotrophs organisms
• Capture energy from chemical compounds in the
  surroundings (DEEP SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENTS)

17

• Energy is lost in each step up a food chain
• Only 10 of the energy from one level on the
  food chain is available to the next level (90
  lost as heat)

18

FOOD CHAINS

• The pathway of food transfer from one trophic
  level to another is called a food chain.
• In all food chains, producers make up the trophic
  level that supports all other levels.
• Whats missing from this food chain?

19
FOOD WEBS

• Consumers usually have many food sources.
• A hawk can eat a small bird, fish, mouse...
• The pattern made by interconnected and branching
  food chains is a food web.

20
Food Webs

• Many consumers and decomposers have more than 1
  food source
• Movement of energy occurs in complex webs rather
  than in simple chains

21
A food web shows a complex network of feeding
relationships.

22
A food web shows a complex network of feeding
relationships.

• An organism may have multiple feeding
  relationships in an ecosystem.
• A food web emphasizes complicated feeding
  relationships and energy flow in an ecosystem.

23
Trophic LevelsEach of the feeding organisms
represents a trophic level in the ecosystem.
Both energy and chemicals move from one organism
to the next as organisms feed.

• Producers/Primary Producers
• Autotrophs (Photosynthesizers, Chemosynthetic
  organisms)
• Primary consumers- 1st level
• Herbivores and omnivores that eat producers
• Secondary consumers- 2nd level
• Carnivores and omnivores that eat herbivores-
  primary consumer
• Tertiary consumers- 3rd level
• Carnivore eats another carnivore- secondary
  consumer
• Quaternary Consumers- 4th level
• eats another carnivore- tertiary consumers

24
(No Transcript)
25
Figure 36-2Each of these food chains includes
five trophic levels. The arrows indicate the
direction of food transfer between trophic levels.
26
A Simplified Food Web?
27
36.1 Objectives p. 788

• Contrast the flow of energy and chemicals in
  ecosystems
• Explain how trophic levels relate to food chains
  and food webs.
• Thumbs Up?
• Thumbs Down?

28
36.1 Concept Check p. 791

• How are the movement of energy and the movement
  of chemicals in ecosystems different?
• 2. In the following food chain, identify the
  trophic levels
• Berries?mouse? owl
• fig. 36-3 identify a food chain w/ 3 trophic
  levels