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Title: "Anatomy of Revolution" by Crane Brinton


1
"Anatomy of Revolution" by Crane Brinton
  • Crane Brinton's famous work entitled "Anatomy of
    Revolution" published in 1965, is comparative
    history of the English, American, French and
    Russian revolutions.  Crane looks at the
    similarities and differences between these
    revolutions in order to come up with what he
    titles "The Anatomy of Revolution."  The
    following is a summary of Crane's Anatomy.

2
Causes of Revolution Conditions that must be
present in the outset of a revolution
  • 1.  There is discontent amongst the people of
    all the social classes. 2.  People feel restless
    and held down by unacceptable restrictions in
    society, religion, the economy or the government.
    3.  People are hopeful about the future, but
    they are being forced to accept less than they
    had hoped for. 4.  People are beginning to think
    of themselves as belonging to a social class, and
    there is a growing bitterness between social
    classes. 5.  The social classes closest to one
    another are the most hostile.

3
Conditions cont
  • 6.  The scholars and thinkers give up on the way
    their society operates. 7.  The government does
    not respond to the needs of its society. 8.  The
    leaders of the government and the ruling class
    begin to doubt themselves.   Some join with the
    opposition groups. 9.  The government is unable
    to get enough support from any group to save
    itself. 10.  The government cannot organize its
    finances correctly and is either going bankrupt
    or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.

4
The Stages of Revolution The Course that
Revolution seems to take
  • 1.  Impossible demands made of government which,
    if granted, would mean its end. 2.  Unsuccessful
    government attempts to suppress revolutionaries.
    3.  Revolutionaries gain power and seem united.
    4.  Once in power, revolutionaries begin to
    quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to
    dissolve. 5.  The moderates gain the leadership
    but fail to satisfy those who insist on further
    changes.

5
Course cont
  • 6.  Power is gained by progressively more
    radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe
    gains almost complete control. 7.  A strong man
    emerges and assumes great power. 8.  The
    extremists try to create a "heaven on earth" by
    introducing their whole program and by punishing
    all their opponents. 9.  A period of terror
    occurs. 10.  Moderate groups regain power.  The
    revolution is over.

6
IDEOLOGIES OF REVOLUTIONS
  • Enlightenment philosophy brought about lasting
    changes in western political ideology

7
CONSERVATISM
  • People who supported this philosophy at first
    advocated return to absolute monarchy, but came
    to accept constitutional monarchy by the
    mid-1800s.
  • Generally, conservatives disapproved of the
    revolutions of the era, particularly the French
    Revolution with all the violence and chaos that
    it brought.

8
LIBERALISM
  • Liberals supported a republican democracy, or a
    government with an elected legislature who
    represented the people in political
    decision-making.
  • These representative were generally from the
    elite, but were selected (usually by vote) from a
    popular base of citizens.
  • Emphasis was generally on liberty or freedom from
    oppression rather than on equality.

9
RADICALISM
  • Radicals advocated drastic changes in government
    and emphasized equality more than liberty.
  • Their philosophies varied, but they were most
    concerned with narrowing the gap between elites
    and the general population.
  • The Jacobins during the French Revolution, and
    Marxism that appeared in the mid 19th century
    were variations of radicalism.

10
Revolutions in the Atlantic World Glorious to
Latin American Independence
  • The revolutions that occurred in the 100 yrs.
    Between 1688 and 1789
  • Situated the authority of government on earth
    rather than in heaven and thus increased the
    influence of the secular over the religious.
  • Rejected the theory that governments were based
    on divine rights in favor for a theory that
    governments derive their just powers from the
    consent of the governed.
  • Saw the development of constitutional government.

11
The revolutions that occurred in the 100 yrs.
Between 1688 and 1789 cont.
  • Emphasized equality of opportunity over positions
    based on class or heredity.
  • Promoted the idea of the nation-state.
  • Extended power to the bourgeoisie classes.
  • Encouraged the growth of capitalism
  • Ironically coexisted with continued slavery,
    political inequalities, colonialism and warfare.
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