What is Anatomy

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What is Anatomy Physiology?

• Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and
  their relationship to each other
• Physiology studies the function of the body, in
  other words, how it works

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Gross Anatomy the study of large body
structures visible or observable to the naked eye

• Examples
• Stomach
• Liver
• Large Intestine
• Bones
• Eyes

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Microscopic anatomy the study of structures too
small to be seen by the naked eye.
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A Look at Physiology

• Considers the operation of specific organ systems
• Renal physiology kidney function
• neurophysiology workings of the nervous system
• cardiovascular physiology the operation of the
  heart and blood vessesl
• Focuses on the functions of the body, often at
  the cellular or molecular level
• Understanding physiology also required a
  knowledge of physics, which explains electrical
  currents, blood pressure, and the way muscles use
  bones for movement

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• The Principle of Complementarity of Structure
  Function
• (Now thats a mouthful!!!!)
• What it all means
• You cant have one without the other
• Function always reflects structure function
  follows form
• What a structure can do depends on its specific
  form
• For Example
• Blood flows in one direction through the heart
  (physiology) because the heart has valves that
  prevent backflow (anatomy)
• The lungs can serve as a site for gas
  exchange (physiology) because the walls of their
  air sacs are extremely thin (anatomy)

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Levels of Structural Organization (6)
1. Chemical level atoms combine to form
molecules 2. Cellular level molecules combine
to form cells 3. Tissue level groups of
similar cells that have a common function 4.
Organ level at least 2 tissues combined
(usually 4) that perform a specific
function 5. Organ system level consists of
multiple organs working closely together to
accomplish a common purpose 6. Organismal level
the result of all structural levels working
together
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Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle
tissue Connective tissue
6. Organismal level
Blood Vessel
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Organ Systems of the Body

• Integumentary System (skin)
• Forms the external body covering
• Houses cutaneous nerve receptors
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Protects deeper tissues from injury

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• Skeletal System
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides attachment for muscles for movement
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores minerals

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• Muscular System
• Produces Movement
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat

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• Nervous System
• Fast acting control system
• Responds to external and internal change
• Activates muscles and glands

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• Endocrine system
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism

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• Cardiovascular System
• Transports materials in our body
• via blood pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon Dioxide
• Nutrients
• Waste

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• Lymphatic System
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Cleans the blood
• Involved in immunity

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• Respiratory System
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide

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• Digestive System
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption
• in the blood
• Eliminates indigestible food

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• Urinary System
• Maintains acid-base balance
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Regulates
• Water
• Electrolytes

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• Reproductive
• Produces Offspring

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Answer the following questions and turn them in!

• What is the principle of complementarity of
  structure and function?
• List the 6 levels of structural organization from
  most basic to most complex
• In your own words, explain the difference between
  necessary life functions and survival needs.
  Note do NOT simply list the functions and needs!

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8 Necessary Life Functions For Maintenance of Life

• Maintain Boundaries - The internal environment
  remains separate from the external environment
• Cellular level accomplished by plasma membranes
• Organismal level accomplished by the skin

Movement includes all activities promoted by
the muscular system (running, swimming, etc) as
well as the movements we are not even aware of
or able to physically control (heart beating,
blood running through your veins, food traveling
the alimentary canal, etc)
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• Responsiveness - The ability to sense change in
  the environment and respond to it
• Digestion breaking down of ingested foodstuff
• Metabolism All the chemical reactions that
  occur in the body
• Produces energy
• Makes body structures
• Excretion - Removing waste from the body

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Reproduction Produces future generation. Can
occur at the cellular and organismal
levels Cellular level- an original cell divides
and produces two identical
daughter cells Organismal level Sperm and egg
unite to make a whole new
being Growth an increase in the size of a body
part, cell or number of cells
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6 Survival Needs
The ultimate goal of all body systems is to
maintain life

• Nutrients chemical substances used for energy
  and cell building. Includes
• Carbohydrates Vitamins
• Proteins Minerals
• Lipids
• Oxygen- needed for metabolic reactions
• Water provides the necessary environments for
  chemical reactions
• 60-80 of your body is composed of water!

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Normal Body Temperature necessary of chemical
reactions to occur Atmospheric
Pressure the force that air exerts on the
surface of the body. Required for proper
breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
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Homeostasis

• The ability to maintain relatively steady
  internal conditions even though the outside world
  changes continuously
• Refers to a state of balance or equilibrium, in
  which internal conditions vary, but always within
  narrow limits
• Chemical, thermal and neural factors interact to
  maintain homeostasis

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

• Communication within the body is essential for
  homeostasis
• Primarily accomplished by the nervous and
  endocrine systems
• Stimulus Variable that produces a change in the
  body
• Receptor sensor that monitors the environment
  and responds to changes (stimuli)
• Control Center Determines the set point at
  which a variable is to be maintained,
  analyzes information, determines the
  appropriate response
• Effector provides the means to respond to the
  stimulus

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Negative Feedback Mechanisms

• Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative
  feedback mechanisms
• In negative feedback systems, the output shuts
  off the original stimulus
• Said to be negative because the variable
  changes in the opposite direction of the of the
  initial change, thus returning it to its ideal
  value

• Examples
• Regulation of blood sugar
• Regulation of body temperature

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Positive Feedback Mechanisms

• Positive feedback mechanisms enhance or
  exaggerate the original stimulus so that output
  is accelerated or increased
• positive because the change that occurs goes in
  the same direction as the initial disturbance,
  causing the variable to deviate further and
  further away from the original range.
• Example
• regulation of blood clotting
• Production of oxytocin at birth

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Homeostatic Imbalance

• Most disease is a result of homeostatic imbalance
• As we age, our bodys control systems become less
  efficient resulting in our internal environment
  becoming less stable
• Increases our risk for illness and produces the
  changes we associate with aging

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Anatomical Position

• Body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms
  facing forward with thumbs pointed away from body

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Anatomical Position
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Directional Terms

• Superior (Cephalic) toward the head or upper
  part of a structure
• Inferior (Caudal) Away from the head or toward
  the lower part of
• a structure
• Anterior (Ventral) Toward or at the front of
  the body
• Posterior (Dorsal) Toward or at the back of the
  body
• Medial toward the midline of the body in the
  inner side
• Lateral Away from the midline of the body on
  the outer side
• Intermediate- between a more medial and a more
  lateral structure

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Directional Terms
Proximal closer to the origin of the body part
or the point of attachment of a limb to the body
trunk Distal Farther from the origin of a
body party or the point of attachment of a limb
to the body trunk Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface more internal
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Regional Terms

• Axial Part
• Makes up the main axis of our body
• Included the head, neck, and trunk

• Appendicular Part
• Consists of the appendages or limbs which are
  attached to the bodys axis

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Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal plane a vertical plane that divides
the body into riht and left parts Midsagittal
plane a sagittal plane that is exactly in the
midline Frontal plane also called a coronal
plane. Divides the body into anterior (ventral)
and posterior (dorsal) parts Transverse plane
runs horizontally from left to right dividing the
body into superior and inferior parts. Also
called a cross section
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Body Cavities Membranes

• Dorsal Body Cavity
• Protects the nervous system organs
• Has 2 subdivisions
• Cranial cavity within the skull encases the
  brain
• Vertebral or spinal cavity runs within the
  vertebral column, encloses the spinal cord

• Ventral Body Cavity
• Houses the ventral organs (viscera)
• divided into 2 subdivisions
• Thoracic
• Abdominopelvic

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Body Cavities Membranes

• Thoracic cavity is divided into the pleural
  cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial
  cavity
• Pleural Cavities contain the lungs
• Mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity and
  surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
  (esophagus, trachea, etc)
• Pericardial Cavity contains the heart

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Body Cavities Membranes

• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Separated from the thoracic cavity by the
  diaphram (dome shaped muscle used in breathing)
• Composed of 2 subdivisions
• Abdominal cavity contains the stomach,
  intestines, spleen, liver and other organs
• Pelvic cavity located within the pelvis and
  contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and
  the rectum

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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Serous membrane- very thin, double layered
membrane lining the ventral body cavity and the
outer surfaces of the organs Parietal serosa
lines the walls of the cavities Visceral serosa
covers the organs in the cavity Serous fluid
separate the serosae
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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Abdominoplevic quadrants
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The End