Computer Science 129

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Computer Science 129

• Science, Computing and Society
• Week 2

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GRE/GMAT WORDS

• Ubiquitous - existing or being everywhere, esp.
  at the same time
• Abstain to refrain
• Audacious Bold or daring
• Desiccated to dry up
• Laudable deserving praise, praiseworthy,
  commendable

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GRE/GMAT WORDS

• Teleportation - the movement of objects or
  elementary particles from one place to another
  without traveling through space.

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CHAPTER 1

• 1996 IBM Ad in Scientific American
• Stand by. Ill teleport you some goulash
• Margit is a little premature, but were working
  on it. An IBM scientist and his colleagues have
  discovered a way to make an object disintegrate
  in one place and reappear intact in another

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CHAPTER 1

• IBM WAS NOT ACTUALLY TALKING ABOUT TRANSPORTING
  MATERIAL, MACROSCOPIC PARTICLES OR PEOPLE
• THEY WERE TALKING ABOUT QUANTUM TELEPORTATION

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CHAPTER 1

• QUANTUM TELEPORTATION- NOT THE SAME THING AS
  HOLLYWOOD TELEPORTATION
• STAR TREK AND HOLLYWOOD TELEPORTATION SUGGESTS
  THAT TELEPORTATION IS AN INSTANTANEOUS
  DISEMBODIED TRANSPORT
• EINSTEINS LAWS PROHIBIT INTANTANEOUS SENDING
  OF INFORMATION OR ANYTHING ELSE TIME PASSES,
  EVEN IF IT IS ONLY AN INFINTESIMAL AMOUNT OF TIME
  PASSES (THIS DOES NOT APPLY TO QUANTUM PHYSICS
  AND HAS BECOME THE EPR PARADOX)

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CHAPTER 1

• TO UNDERSTAND QUANTUM TELEPORTATION, WE MUST
  UNDERSTAND WHERE A QUANTUM OBJECT FALLS IN THE
  ORDER OF THE WORLD

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CHAPTER 1

• World made of matter
• Matter made of particles
• Particles made of molecules
• Molecules made of atoms
• Atoms made of sub atomic particles
• Sub atomic made of quantum particles

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THE WONDERS OF MNEMONICS

• Mnemonics can help save time when memorizing
  something. Use this mnemonic or your own to
  memorize the table on the previous slide. There
  are 2 Ms but matter and molecules come in
  alphabetically so it is easy to remember.
• WILL
• MY
• PRINCESS
• MAKE
• A
• SWEET
• QUEEN

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CHAPTER 1

• TRANSPORTING QUANTUM PARTICLES
• NOT JUST LIKE FAX MACHINE OR TELEPHONE
  TRANSMITTING WAVES

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CHAPTER 1

• IS LIKE COPYING ORIGINAL AND STORING ITS
  INFORMATION
• THIS PROCESS DESTROYS ORIGINAL
• THEN, INFORMATION ON HOW IT IS PUT TOGETHER IS
  SENT TO ANOTHER LOCATION and THEN IT IS PUT
  TOGETHER AND WE HAVE TELEPORTATION

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CHAPTER 1

• SECRET TO TELEPORTATION IS NOT WHAT IS
  TRANSPORTED BUT THE INFORMATION ABOUT THE
  STRUCTURE TO BE TELEPORTED

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CHAPTER 1

• US NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTHS 3-D MODEL OF
  HUMAN BODY
• MILLIMETER ACCURACY
• IS 10 GIGABYTES OF INFORMATION
• THIS WAS A HUGE AMOUNT OF DATA AT THE TIME BUT
  IT IS STILL NOT GOOD ENOUGH
• CONSIDER TRANSPORTING A BRAIN

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CHAPTER 1

• WHAT YOU WOULD NEED IS ACCURACY AT THE ATOMIC
  LEVEL
• THIS WOULD REQUIRE A TRILLION TRILLION GIGABYTES
• THIS WOULD TAKE SEVERAL MILLION CENTURIES TO
  TRANSMIT
• FASTER TO WALK

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CHAPTER 1

• EVEN IF WE COULD TRANSMIT THAT MUCH DATA, IT IS
  NOT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN COMPLETE ATOMIC
  INFORMATION
• THIS IS DUE TO HEISENBERGS UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE.

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CHAPTER 1

• HEISENBERGS UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
• PROHIBITS PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF A PARTICLES
  MOTION AND LOCATION AT THE SAME TIME (THIS
  AMOUNTS TO A PARTICLES EXACT POSITION)
• THIS PRICIPLE IS THE CORNERSTONE OF QUANTUM
  MECHANICS

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CHAPTER 1

• ALTHOUGH WE CAN NOT OBTAIN COMPLETE ATOMIC
  INFORMATION, WHAT IS POSSIBLE IS TO OBTAIN
  QUANTUM INFORMATION
• QUANTUM INFORMATION CAN BE GATHERED AND TELEPORTED

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CHAPTER 1

• QUANTUM OBJECTS ARE WHAT WE CAN OBTAIN QUANTUM
  INFORMATION ABOUT
• TYPICAL QUANTUM OBJECTS FUZZY ENTITIES ARE
  PARTICLES THAT MAKE UP ATOMS

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CHAPTER 1

• QUANTUM OBJECTS EXAMPLES
• PROTONS NEUTRONS IN NUCLEUS AND ELECTRONS
  AROUND NUCLEUS
• PARTICLES OF LIGHT CALLED PHOTONS
• SOMETIMES WHOLE ATOMS ACT LIKE QUANTUM OBJECTS

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CHAPTER 1

• THE WAY THESE QUANTUM OBJECT WORK IS STUDIED BY A
  BRANCH OF SCIENCE CALLED QUANTUM MECHANICS
• MECHANICS REFERS TO THE LAWS GOVERNING THE MOTION
  OF MATTER

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CHAPTER 1

• HOW TO VIEW QUANTUM MECHANICS
• LIKE MONEY
• LIKE WATER
• LIKE TELEVISION

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CHAPTER 1

• QUANTUM MECHANICS LIKE MONEY
• QUANTUM ENERGY COMES IN BUNDLES OF QUANTA
• LIKE MONEY IS MEASURED IN THE AMOUNT OF PENNIES

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CHAPTER 1

• QUANTUM MECHANICS LIKE WATER
• PHOTONS (LIGHT PARTICLES) ACT LIKE BOTH PARTICLES
  AND WAVES
• WATER CAN BE HARD ICE OR WAVY LIQUID

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CHAPTER 1

• QUANTUM MECHANICS LIKE TELEVISION
• QUANTUM OBJECTS FLUTTER AROUND UNTIL YOU OBSERVE
  THEM THEN THEY ASSUME A LOCATION (SUPER POSITION
  FROM THE DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT)
• TV SIGNALS RIDE ON WAVE FROM TRASMITTERS OR
  SATELLITES BUT YOU CANT SEE OR HEAR THEM UNTIL
  YOU TURN ON THE TV

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CHAPTER 1

• QUANTUM INFORMATION
• INFORMATION CAN BE MEASURED AS BITS
• BITS 0s AND 1s
• BUT QUANTUM INFORMATION IS LIKE A TOSSED COIN
  THAT HAS NOT LANDED

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CHAPTER 1

• ONCE QUANTUM INFORMATION IS OBSERVED, IT IS
  DESTROYED
• CANT MAKE A COPY OR CLONE A QUANTUM OBJECT
  BECAUSE THAT REQUIRES OBSERVING IT, WHICH
  DESTROYS IT

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CHAPTER 1

• TV TELEPORTATION
• ORIGINAL IS NOT LEFT BEHIND, IT MOVES FROM ONE
  LOCATION TO ANOTHER
• THERE IS NO COPY, JUST DISINTEGRATION AND
  RECONSTRUCTION OF ORIGINAL
• APPEARS TO BE INSTANTANEOUS

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CHAPTER 1

• QUANTUM TELEPORTATION
• ORIGINAL IS DESTROYED
• COPY OF INFORMATION IS MADE
• NOT INSTANTANEOUS

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CHAPTER 1

• QUANTUM TELEPORTATION
• TWIN-PHOTONS
• TWO PHOTONS THAT SHARE INFORMATION ABOUT
  EACHOTHER
• READ THE FOLLOWING WEBPAGES
• http//science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/e
  veryday-myths/teleportation.htm

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CHAPTER 1

• CRYPTOGRAPHY
• SENDING SECRET CODES
• ANCIENT GREEKS AND ROMANS USED VARIOUS SYSTEMS TO
  SEND SECRET MESSAGES

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CHAPTER 1

• CRYPTOGRAPHY
• JULIUS CAESAR USED ONE THAT SHIFTED LETTERS 3
  PLACES IN THE ALPHABET
• (B WOULD BE REPRESENTED AS E, C AS F, ETC.)

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CHAPTER 1

• WHAT YOU NEED FOR MODERN CRYPTOGRAPHY
• YOU MUST HAVE A KEY!
• AND A CODE RULE

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CHAPTER 1

• CRYPTOGRAPHY
• A KEY CAN BE AS SIMPLE AS A STRING OF RANDOM
  DIGITS OF 0S AND 1S

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CHAPTER 1

• CRYPTOGRAPHY
• ALICE AND BOB WANT TO COMMUNICATE
• CODE RULE IF DIGIT IN MESSAGE MATCHES THE KEY,
  WRITE A 1. IF IT DOESNT, WRITE A 0.

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CHAPTER 1

• CRYPTOGRAPHY
• ALICE SENDS 01001001
• KEY SAYS 01100111
• BOB WRITES 11010001
• CAN ONLY USE A PARTICULAR AREA OF THE KEY ONCE!

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CHAPTER 1

• CRYPTOGRAPHY
• PROBLEM HOW TO EXCHANGE THE KEY?
• MEET FACE TO FACE IDEAL
• IF WE MAIL IT, IT COULD BE INTERCEPTED

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CHAPTER 1

• CRYPTOGRAPHY
• SOLUTION QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY
• QUANTUM INFORMATION IS SPY PROOF

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CHAPTER 1

• CRYPTOGRAPHY
• SEND PHOTONS ORIENTED IN ONE DIRECTION OR THE
  OTHER BY PASSING THEM THROUGH FILTERS
• VERTICAL PHOTON1
• HORIZONTAL PHOTON0
• RIGHT-TILTING1
• LEFT-TILTING0
• ALICE THEN SENDS PHOTONS THROUGH THE OPEN CHANNEL

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CHAPTER 1

• CRYPTOGRAPHY
• IF ANYONE IS INTERCEPTING THE PHOTONS, IT WILL
  CAUSE AN INTERFERENCE THAT CAN BE DETECTED
• THEY WILL GET BUMPED INTO A POSITION WE ARE NOT
  USING SO WE WILL BE ALERTED.
• THEY CAN TAKE ALL OF THEM, EVERY THIRD ONE, ETC.
• ANY COMBINATION THEY WANT TO CREATE THE KEY.

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CHAPTER 1

• CRYPTOGRAPHY
• THEY CREATE THE KEY TOGETHER
• CREATE A VERY LONG KEY SO CAN BE USED FOR MORE
  THAN ONE MESSAGE.
• JUST CAN NOT RE-USE THE SAME PART OF A KEY MORE
  THAN ONCE.

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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW
ITEM MADE UP OF
WORLD





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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

• WHAT IS HEISENBERGS UNCERTAINTY PRICIPLE HOW
  DOES IT AFFECT TELEPORTATION?

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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

• LIST SOME QUANTUM OBJECTS

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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

• HOW IS QUANTUM MECHANICS LIKE
• MONEY
• WATER
• TELEVISION

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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

• HOW IS HOW HOLLYWOOD TELEPORTATION DIFFERENT FROM
  QUANTUM TELEPORTATION?
• 1. 1.
• 2. 2.
• 3. 3.

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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

• WHAT IS CRYPTOGRAPHY?

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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

• WHAT WAS JULIUS CAESARS SECRET CODE?

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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

• KNOW THE CODE RULE USED IN THE CLASS EXAMPLE AND
  BE ABLE TO INTERPRET A CODE IF GIVEN A CODE AND
  THE KEY.
• EX
• CODE SENT 01010100
• KEY 01001101
• MESSAGE ________

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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW

• WHAT MAKES QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY SUPERIOR?