1. Obtaining and digesting of food

1
TOPICS
1. Obtaining and digesting of food
(Digestive system) 2. Gas exchange breathing
system (Respiratory system) 3. Internal
transport (Circulatory system) 4. Immune
system 5. The control of internal environment 6.
Chemical control (Endocrine system) 7.
Nervous system and the sense 8. Animal locomotion
2
TOPICS
1. Obtaining and digesting of food (1.5 ??.)
(Digestive system) 2. Gas exchange breathing
system (1.5 ??.) (Respiratory system) 3.
Internal transport (2 ??.) (Circulatory
system) 4. Immune system (1.5 ??.) 5. The control
of internal environment (1 ??.) 6. Chemical
control (1.5 ??.) (Endocrine system) 7.
Nervous system and the sense (2 ??.) 8. Animal
locomotion (1 ??.)
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5. THE CONTROL OF INTERNAL ENVIRONEMENT
-???????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????? ?????????????????
homeostasis -?????????????????????????????????????
??????????, ??????????????, ???
????????????????????????????????
1.Thermoregulation ???????????????????????????????
????? 2. Osmoregulation ??????????????????????????
????????????? 3. Excretion ???????????????????????
??? (nitrogen-containing waste) ?????????????
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Regulator ????????????????????? homeostasis
???????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
(thermoregulator, osmoregulator) Conformer
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????? (thermoconformer, osmoconformer)
Spider crab osmoconformer
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Regulation of Body Temperature Thermoregulation
-?????????/???????????????????????
??????????????????????? ? ?????? 1.Conduction
?????????????????????????????????????????????????(
????????)?????? 2.Convection ????????????????????
????????????????????????????????? 3.Radiation
????????????? (emission)??????????????????????????
??????????????? ?????????????????????
???????????? ? ???????????????????????? 4.Evaporat
ion ????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ????????????
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Ectotherm and Endotherm
(Thermoregulator)
-??????????????????????????????????????????????? 1
. Ectotherm ?????????????????????????????????????
??? ?????? ???????????????????????, ???,
??????????????????????, ??????????????? 2.
Endotherm ???????????????????????????????????????
?????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????
(Thermoconformer)
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Counter Current Heat Exchange
?????????????
??????????????
-?????????????????????????????? ????
?????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????
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??????????thermoregulation
-????? (adipose) ?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????? -?????-???????????????
?????????????? -??????????(erection)?????????????
??????(compaction)????? -??????? evaporation
????????????????? ?????????????
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???????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????
10
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????? (Thermostat Function)
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Hibernation and Estivation
Hibernation ?????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????, ?????????????????, ????????
?????????????????? Estivation ???????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? ????????????????????? inactive
Body temperature and metabolism during
hibernation of Beldings ground squirrel
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Water Balance and Waste Disposal Osmoregulation
-osmosis ???????????????????? semipermeable
membrane ???????????????????????? osmolyte (ion,
small organic molecules, protein)
?????????????????????????????????? -??????????????
?????????????????? ??????????? ????? nasal
gland -Countercurrent ??????????????????
????????????????????? NaCl ????? salt- excreting
gland -????????????????????????????????? ?????
????? rectal gland
NaCl???
NaCl???
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?????????????????????????? (Excretion of
nitrogen-containing waste) ???????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ? ?????? 1.
????????? (Ammonia ) -???????????????????????
?????????????????? ????????????????? -????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
? -??????????? ????????????????????????????
NH4????????????? ??? ?????????????????? Na
???????????? 2. ?????? (Urea) NH2-CO-NH2 -????????
????????????????, ????????????????????????????????
, ???????, ???? -?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????? ????????
????????????????????????????????????? -???????????
??????????????????? 100,000 ????
??????????????????????????????? ?????????????
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3. ???????? (Uric acid) -????????????, ????,
??, ??????????????????? ???? -??????????????????
????? ????????????????? ???????????? semisolid
?????????????????????? -???????????????????????
? ??????????????????? (ATP) ???
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Osmoregulation ????????????????????????
????? -??????????????????????????????? -??????????
?????????????????? ??????????? -??????????????????
? ?????????? -???????????????????active uptake
??????????
????? -????????????????????????????????? -???????
???????????????????????? ??????????? -????????????
????????????????? active transport -??????????????
?????????? ???????????????????
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????? ? ???????? 1. Protonephridia
??????????????, rotifers, annelids ??????,
??????? mollusk, lancelet (invertebrate
chordate) 2. Metanephridia ???? annelids ???????
?????????????????? 3. Malpighian tubules
???????? 4. Kidney ????????????????????????
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Protonephridia Flame-bulb systems
-Protonephridia ?????????????? osmoregulation -???
???????????????????????? ???????????
???????????????????????? ?????????????????
flame bulb ????? cilia ????????? -????????????
cilia ??????????????? ??????????? interstitial
fluid ???? interdigitating membrane
??????????????? ??????????????????????????????
(reabsorb) -???????????????????????????????
nephridiopores
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Metanephridia
-??????? segment ????????????? metanephridia 1
??? ????????? segment ???????????????? -?????????
???????????????????? cilia ?????????
nephrostome ????????????????????????????
coelom ????????? collecting tubule ?????????????
bladder ??????????????????????? nephridiopore
-?????????????? ??????????????????????????????
????????????????????? nitrogenous waste
-????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????? (osmosis)
????????????????????????????????? (????????)
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Malpighian tubules
-Malpighian tubule ?????????????? nitrogenous
waste ??? osmoregulation -????????????????????????
????? midgut -?????????????????, ????????,
nitrogenous waste ??? hemolymph
??????????????? -?????????????????????????????????
???? rectum ?????? nitrogenous waste (?????
???????????) ????????????????????? ???????
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Kidney
????????????????????????urethra???bladder
???? 80???? cortical nephron 20 ????
juxtamedullary nephron
????????????????????????????????
Capillary ????????????? ??????????????? ?????
podocyte
Nephron(???????) ????????????????????????????????
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? 1.Filtration (???????) ???????????????? ????
????????, coelomic fluid, hemolymph
??????????? ???(?????) ??????????????
(hydrostatic pressure) ?????????????????????????
???????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????
Filtrate 2.Reabsorption (??????????)
???????????????? ???? ??????, ?????, ?????????
???????? ?????????????????????????????? active
transport 3.Secretion (???????????)
?????????????? ??????????????????? ??? active
transport 4.Excretion (?????????)
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Nephron and Collecting Duct
?????????? filtrate ??????????????????????????????
?? glomerulus
1.?????????????? proximal tubule -secretion
reabsorption -????? H, NH3 (???????????????
filtrate ????????????) -??????? HCO3-(90), NaCl,
???, K ??? ???????? (??????, ?????????) 2.Descend
ing limb of the loop of Henle -permeable ??????,
impermeable ???????? ????????????????? 3.Ascending
limb of the loop of Henle -permeable ????????
impermeable ?????? -?? 2 ???? ??? thin
segment(PT) thick segment(AT) 4.Distal
tubule -secretion (K) reabsorption (NaCl
HCO3-) 5.Collecting duct -??????? NaCl, ??????,
???
Active transport (AT) Passive transport (PT)