Standards in International Telecommunications

1
Standards in International Telecommunications

• ISOM 591
• February 28, 2000

2
Why Nations Cooperate

• Need universal standards to interconnect national
  networks
• promote economies of scale, thus reducing
  transaction costs
• derive logistical benefits for their citizens
• ensure that terrestrial facilities and satellites
  can operate unimpeded
• act as good global citizens

3
The Management of Frequency Allocation
102 103 104 105 106 107 108
109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015

Cell phone
Power and Telephone
Radio and television
Microwave
Infrared
Visible light
Twisted pair
Optical fiber
Coaxial cable
Frequency Hz
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Key Frequency Bands for Wireless

• High Frequency HF 3-30 MHz
• Very High Frequency VHF 30-300 MHz
• Ultra High Frequency UHF 300-3000 MHz
• Super High Frequency SHF 3-30 GHz
• microwave
• Extremely High Frequency EHF 30-300 GHz
• Frequencies below HF are limited in bandwidth

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Where the Action Is

• Radio and TV broadcasters, mobile trucking and
  dispatching fleets, aeronautical and maritime
  communications, military communications, cellular
  communications, PCS, mobile satellites
• VHF Very high frequency
• 30-300 MHz
• UHF Ultra high frequency
• 300-3000 MHz
• SHF Super high frequency
• 3-30 GHz

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Some Regulation

• FCCs Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993
• process for auctioning off a major block of
  frequencies for narrow band and wide band PCS
• 50 MHz was allocated, with another 150 to follow
  over the next 15 years
• Commercial Mobile Radio Services

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Frequency Allocations

• 3000 GHz unassigned
• 300 GHz satellite, microwave
• 30GHz satellite, microwave, radar
• 3GHz microwave, UHF TV
• 300 MHz amateur radio
• FM radio (88 MHz - 108 MHz)
• 30 MHz citizens band radio
• 3 MHz radio navigation
  AM radio (500 KHz - 1.6 MHz)

8
Frequency Allocations

• 300 KHz radio navigation, maritime
  communications
• 3 KHz human voice
• 300 Hz submarine communications

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Standards Organizations
International Standards Organization
International Telecommunications Union
IFRB
American National Standards Institute
GS
IRCC
CCITT
EIA
IEEE
COS
ECMA
CEPT
Federal Telecoms Standard Committee
NIST
FCC
DOF
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History of the ITU

• ITU establishes common rules, regulations,
  standards, and policies in telecommunications
• founded in 1865 when the Austro-German and
  Western European Telegraph Unions merged to
  supervise and establish standards for an
  interconnected regional network
• consensus needed on Morse code and emergency
  frequencies

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History of the ITU

• 29 nations collaborated in 1906 to form the IRU
  (International Radiotelegraph Union) to
  coordinate usage, agree on frequency bands,
  register station operations, and resolve cases of
  radio interference
• there is a story that a ship was in the area
  where the Titanic was sinking but the radio
  operator was off duty

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History of the ITU

• In 1947, the ITU voted to become a special agency
  of the United Nations system and expand its role
  to
• allocate and monitor the use of frequency
  spectrum
• promote the development of technical facilities
• eliminate interference
• facilitate worldwide standards
• promote adoption of measures that ensure safety
  of life

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ITU Two Standards Making Bodies

• CCITT
• telephone and telegraph
• CCIT
• radio technologies
• Does a split between wired and wireless make
  sense in todays world?

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History of the ITU

• Three sectors
• development of telecommunications facilities
• telecommunications standardization
• radiocommunication
• management of the radio frequency spectrum
  including registering frequency assignments
  liable to cause interference outside a country
  and notices for orbital positions of satellites
• major revisions in 1992-3

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Standards Committees of the ITU

• International Frequency Regulation Board (IFRB)
• ensures technical cooperation on radio frequency
  assignments, use of the frequency spectrum,
  positions of satellites
• Consultative Committee for International Radio
  (CCIR)
• responsible for standards concerning radio
  communications
• General Secretariat
• administers the Unions headquarters

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Standards Committees of the ITU

• Consultative Committee for International
  Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) is now the ITU-T
• responsible for developing telephone and data
  communications including services, systems, and
  digital networks like ISDN
• recommendations regarding telecom equipment,
  services
• the V series which defines analog standards
• the X series which defines digital and electrical
  interface standards between equipment

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Standards Committees of the ITU

• Consultative Committee for International
  Telephone and Telegraph (CCITT) is now the ITU-T
• based in Geneva
• membership consists of over 150 PPTs, private
  telecom companies, industrial and scientific
  organizations
• ISO is a member of CCITT

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Some Popular X and V Standards from CCITT

• X.12 ANSI standard for EDI
• X.25 interface standard for packet switching
• X.400 worldwide e-mail standard
• X.500 worldwide directory of e-mail addresses
• V.32 electrical standards for modems at 9600 baud
• V.33 electrical standards for 14.4 modem
• V.42 data compression standard

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ITU Role in Satellite Orbital Slots

• Need to avoid frequency interference
• at current time, probability of collision is low
  because the closest spacing of 2 degrees is about
  a 900 mile separation
• nations are allocated orbital slots
• global cooperatives like IntelSat and Inmarasat
  have established satellite requirements
• plays a fact-finding and conflict resolution role
  in the demand for scarce orbital slots

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Geosynchronous Satellite Band
1090 W Amik B
990 W Westar 4
1140 W Amik 23
950 W Comstar 12
1190 W Satcom 2
910 W Westar 3
1230 W Westar 5
1270 W Comstar 4
870 W Comstar 3
1310 W Satcom 3R
830 W Satcom 4
1350 W Satcom 1
790 W Westar 12
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Satellite Transmission of Voice Grade Circuits
14 GHz
Hundreds of Voice grade circuits
12 GHz
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ISO (The International Standards Organization)

• Membership consists of about 90 national
  standards bodies, based in Geneva
• promotes standards for worldwide use in a variety
  of fields, including electronics and electrical
  matters
• created the OSI model for interconnectivity in
  networking (1978)
• US representative is ANSI (American National
  Standards Insititue)

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ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards
Institute)

• Founded in 1988 as part of the EEC (European
  Economic Community) with primary responsibility
  for broadcasting and teleommunications and shares
  responsibility for computer technology standards
  with existing standards groups

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ETSI

• Its is designed to
• develop European telecom standards
• use weighted voting from its 21 country
  membership
• expand scope of membership beyond the PTTs to
  include manufacturers, users, service providers,
  and researchers

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American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

• volunteer organization consisting of about 900
  equipment manufacturers and users of information
  technology
• publishes national standards
• developing FDDI standard for large backbone LANs
  using fiber optic cable

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Other Standards Bodies

• Electronics Industries Association (EIA)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  (IEEE)
• National Institute of Standards and Technology
  (NIST)
• Cooperation for Open Systems (COS)
• Department of Defense and Federal Communications
  Commission are involved, too!