Title: HI136 The History of Germany Lecture 15
1HI136 The History of GermanyLecture 15
- The Cold War Division of Germany
2The Morgenthau Plan
- Drawn up by the US Secretary of State, Henry
Morgenthau. - Designed to ensure that Germany could never again
be a threat to her neighbours. - Germany to be divided into independent states,
higher education prohibited and heavy industry
destroyed. - Pressure from the public to punish Germany led to
this being adopted as official US and UK policy
until the spring of 1945.
US Secretary of State, Henry Morenthau
Jr. (1891-1967)
3The Yalta Conference
- An Allied Control Commission to be established to
govern a defeated Germany. - Germany to be occupied by the 3 wartime allies
and France. Each power was to occupy and
administer a zone of its own. - The USSR was to retain the territory seized under
the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 the borders of
Poland were to be shifted westwards. - Reparations to be extracted from Germany.
Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at the Crimean
resort of Yalta, February 1945
4Occupied Berlin
Source R. Overy, The Penguin Historical Atlas of
the Third Reich (1996)
5Divisions within the Allies
- The Americans wanted a decentralized, federal
democratic system in Germany (modelled on the US
constitution). - Great Britain wanted Germany denazified and
demilitarized, but then a revival of the economy
security from attack, then business as usual
(Kramer). - Russia envisioned a united and neutral Germany.
Her priorities were to consolidate gains in
Eastern Europe extract reparations from
Germany. - French aims were similar to those after WW1
They wanted Germany broken up into weak states
that would be no threat to French security and
the creation of buffer zones in the Rhineland and
the Saar.
6Problems facing the Allies
- Germany is social, political and economic chaos.
- German cities had been destroyed by Allied
bombing 75 of buildings in Berlin had been
demolished, only 1 of buildings in Hanover were
undamaged. - Communications infrastructure had been
similarly disrupted roads, rail networks,
bridges etc. - Social chaos old social structures disrupted,
German men killed or imprisoned during the war,
women had to fend for themselves. - Refugee crisis up to 12 million Germans migrated
from the east, plus thousands displaced within
Germany, POWs and concentration camp inmates.
7Source R. Overy, The Penguin Historical Atlas of
the Third Reich
8Problems facing the Allies
- Germany is social, political and economic chaos.
- German cities had been destroyed by Allied
bombing 75 of buildings in Berlin had been
demolished, only 1 of buildings in Hanover were
undamaged. - Communications infrastructure had been
similarly disrupted roads, rail networks,
bridges etc. - Social chaos old social structures disrupted,
German men killed or imprisoned during the war,
women had to fend for themselves. - Refugee crisis up to 12 million Germans migrated
from the east, plus thousands displaced within
Germany, POWs and concentration camp inmates. - Political chaos no authority or administration,
need for restoration of law order. - Basic necessities of life had to be restored
gas, electricity, water, food supplies, housing
etc.
9The Potsdam Conference
- The Allies agreed on the broad principles for the
treatment of Germany - Demilitarization disarmament.
- Denazification democratization.
- Industry to be decentralizaed reconstruction
focus on peaceful domestic industries. - No central government for the time being.
- Reparations in kind rather than cash each power
authorized to seize goods from their own zone.
The USSR to get 50 of the total amount. - All decisions to be taken collegially within the
Allied Control Council. - These temporary measures, pending a formal peace
conference.
Attlee, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam.
Standing behind them are their respective foreign
ministers Ernest Bevin, James Byrnes
Vyacheslav Molotov.
10Denazification
- Nuremberg Trials 22 Nazi leaders put on trial,
12 condemned to death. - Four-power agreement on the need to remove Nazis
from the civil service, judiciary, education etc. - Differences in approach
- Russians saw Nazism as an outgrowth of German
capitalism radical structural reforms. - Americans wanted to remove Nazism but maintain
the existing social economic structure a more
bureaucratic approach. - British French saw Nazism as inherent in the
German national character an emphasis on
re-education. - Denazification ultimately devolved to German
tribunals.
11Democratization
- 1947 Break up of the old state of Prussia.
- Creation of new administrative areas (Länder)
within the zones of occupation. - Differences in approach
- A more centralized approach in the British zone
unelected German officials made up Central
Economic Office Zonal Advisory Council.
Municipal elections in autumn 1946, elections to
state assemblies in May 1947. - The Americans keen to introduce democracy as soon
as possible elections held in Jan. 1946. By the
beginning of 1947 power had been devolved to the
Länder in the US zone. - The Russians established a central authority, the
Soviet Military Administration of Germany (SMAD),
in July 1945 at the same time as governments in
the Länder in their zone.
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13The Economy
- Major dislocation in the economy after 1945
food shortages, valueless currency etc. led to a
thriving black market. - Ongoing disagreements over reparations the
Americans saw the revival of the German economy
as a priority whereas the Russians wanted
reparations as soon as possible. - July 1946 the USA suspends reparations
deliveries to the Russian zone and offers an
economic merger of the zones. Only the British
agree, leading to the creation of the Bizone on 1
Jan. 1947. - The French and Soviets continued to extract
reparations in kind from their zones by 1949
the Russians had secured over 10 billion worth
of resources and equipment. - In the Soviet zone a radical programme of
nationalization and land reform. - In the western zones an insistence from the
Americans that reconstruction and reform be
achieved within the framework of the free market.
14Steps Towards Division
- 21 April 1946 Merger of the SPD and KPD in the
Soviet Zone to form the Sozialistische
Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity
Party, SED) - Establishment of the Bizone interpreted by the
Russians as an attempt to create a separate state
hostile to the USSR - July 1947 Centralization of Bizonia with new
political economic institutions set up. - In response the Russians establish the German
Economic Commission (DWK) in their zone. - Nov-Dec. 1947 Failure of the London Foreign
Ministers Conference Convinces the Western
Allies that the Russians are trying to establish
a Communist puppet state. They determine to
devolve more power to West Germany integrate it
into Western Europe to provide a buffer against
the spread of Communism. - Feb-March 1948 London Conference Western Allies
meet to decide the fate of Germany. - April 1948 The Bizone included in the
Organization for European Economic Cooperation
(OEEC) accepts Marshal aid. - June 1948 The Western powers announce their
intention to convene a constituent assembly to
draw up a constitution for a separate West German
state.
15The Berlin Blockade
- 20 June 1948 A new currency, the Deutschmark,
introduced in Bizonia, the French Zone and West
Berlin. - The Russians fear that this will destabilize the
economy in their zone move to cut off road
rail access to West Berlin in the hope of
pressuring the west to abandon their plans for a
separate state. - June 1948-May 1949 The allies airlift fuel
food into West Berlin. - A symbolic struggle that back-fired on the
Russians only accelerated the integration of
West Germany into the Western European system.
16The Formation of the FRG
- July 1948 65 member Parliamentary Council
established to draw up a constitution for the
Western zones. - 10 Feb. 1949 The proposed constitution presented
to the Military Governors for their approval. - 8 May 1949 The Parliamentary Council adopts the
Basic Law by a vote of 53 to 12. - Elections in August return a majority for a
centre-right coalition of the Christian Democrats
(CDU) and the Free Democrats (FDP). - Konrad Adenauer elected first Chancellor of the
Federal Republic of Germany on 15 September 1949.
17The Formation of the GDR
- Despite the long build up, the establishment of
the FRG took both the Russians and the East
Germans by surprise. - Stalin still hoped that a single neutral German
state could be formed and was reluctant to agree
to proposals from the SED leadership for a
separate state in the East. - But establishment of the Federal Republic ended
such hopes and on 7 October 1949 the
establishment of the German Democratic Republic
was announced. - A draft constitution had already been drawn up in
the spring on paper this was very similar to
that of FRG. In practice the GDR was a
single-party state dominated by the SED backed up
with Russian tanks. - 12 October A new government led by Otto
Grotewohl formed.
18The Berlin Wall
- Berlin remained under four-power control after
1949 Berliners could move relatively freely
between the Eastern Western Zones. - This led to many East Germans fleeing to the West
via Berlin. - The East German leadership wanted to plug this
gap proposed doing so by force. - 1958-61 Berlin Crisis a stand-off between the
USSR USA over the position of Berlin. - The East Germans use this as an occasion to close
the border crossings erect a wall 140 km (87
miles) long across Berlin. - Formalized the division of Germany and became the
symbol of the Cold War division of Europe.
19Conclusion
- Germanys total defeat in WW2 placed her in the
hands of the Allies. - Most Germans were more interested in the
day-to-day struggle to survive than politics. - The division of Germany therefore has to be seen
in the context of emerging Cold War tensions
between the Superpowers. - Historiography
- Orthodox school the Soviet Union primarily to
blame for the Cold War division of Germany. - Revisionist school the Western powers (and the
USA in particular) primarily to blame for the
Cold War division of Germany. - Post-revisionist school both sides share equal
blame the division of Germany a consequence of
mutual suspicion and irreconcilable ideological
differences.