Vitamin-similar substances

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Vitamin-similar substances
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• Choline is a water-soluble essential nutrient. It
  is usually grouped within the B-complex vitamins.
  Choline generally refers to the various
  quaternary ammonium salts containing the
  N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation.
• These naturally-occuring ammonium salts are found
  in the lipids that make up cell membranes and in
  the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Adequate
  intakes (AI) for this micronutrient of between
  425 to 550 milligrams daily, for adults, have
  been established by the Food.

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4-Aminobenzoic acid

• 4-Aminobenzoic acid (also known as
  para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA) is an organic
  compound with the formula H2NC6H4CO2H. PABA is a
  white crystalline substance that is only slightly
  soluble in water. It consists of a benzene ring
  substituted with an amino group and a carboxyl
  group.

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Lipoic acid

• Lipoic acid is an organosulfur compound, one
  enantiomer of which is an essential cofactor for
  many enzyme complexes. This yellow solid is a
  carboxylic acid and features a cyclic disulfide,
  or ditholane ring, functional group. The
  R-enantiomer is biosynthesized and used as a
  cofactor. It is essential for aerobic life and is
  a common and sometimes controversial dietary
  supplement. It is usually called "lipoic acid,"
  but this is not the form it takes in life.
  dihydrolipoic acid is the reduced form which is
  mostly how the sulfurs exist intracellularly.

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• "Lipoate" is the conjugate base of lipoic acid,
  and this is the form carboxylic acids take at
  physiological conditions. So free lipoic acid
  inside the cell could correctly be called
  dihydrolipoate. Most intracellular lipoic acid is
  not free, because it is made and attached to the
  enzyme complexes that use it. As a cofactor it is
  covalently bound via an amide bond to a specific
  lysine residue of lipoyl domains. One of the most
  visible roles of lipoic acid is as a cofactor in
  aerobic metabolism, specifically the pyruvate
  dehydrogenase complex. Lipoate participates in
  transfer of acyl or methylamine groups in
  2-oxoacid dehydrogenases (2-OADH)

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• Alpha-lipoic acid is a vitamin-like chemical
  called an antioxidant. Yeast, liver, kidney,
  spinach, broccoli, and potatoes are good sources
  of alpha-lipoic acid. It is also made in the
  laboratory for use as medicine.
• Alpha-lipoic acid is used for diabetes and
  nerve-related symptoms of diabetes including
  burning, pain, and numbness in the legs and arms.
  High doses of alpha-lipoic acid are approved in
  Germany for the treatment of these symptoms.
• Alpha-lipoic acid is also used to treat
  eye-related disorders, such as damage to the
  retina, cataracts, glaucoma, and an eye disease.

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Ubiquinone
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• Ubiquinone is another name for CoQ10, a potent
  antioxidant naturally produced by the body and
  important to cell functioning and development.
  Ubiquinone naturally decreases with aging, and it
  is used in cosmetics and personal care products
  (in a wide variety of formulas) as an anti-aging
  ingredient that replaces some of the natural
  antioxidant produced by the body, whether
  ingested or applied topically. When applied
  topically, Ubiquinone is thought to penetrate the
  skin easily, and reduce free radical damage via
  its antioxidant properties.
• Ubiquinone, as CoQ10, is also considered
  effective in treating a large number of internal
  diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Patients
  suffering from a wide variety of health effects
  and conditions may have a low level of natural
  CoQ10, or Ubiquinone it is often taken as a
  supplement to assist in rebuilding cells.

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Carnitine

• In animals, the biosynthesis of carnitine occurs
  primarily in the liver and kidneys from the amino
  acids lysine and methionine. Vitamin C (ascorbic
  acid) is essential to the synthesis of carnitine.

During growth or pregnancy, the requirement of
carnitine might exceed its natural production
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• The carnitines exert a substantial antioxidant
  action, thereby providing a protective effect
  against lipid peroxidation of phospholipid
  membranes and against oxidative stress induced at
  the myocardial and endothelial cell level.

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Orotic Acid

• Vitamin B13 is not really recognized as a
  vitamin, since it is manufactured by the body by
  intestinal flora. It is primarily used for
  metabolization of folic acid and vitamin B12. It
  assists the absorption of essential nutrients
  especially calcium and magnesium and helps the
  production of genetic material. It may be
  beneficial after a heart attack and has been used
  in conditions such as multiple sclerosis and
  chronic hepatitis. It is also reported to prevent
  liver-related complications and premature aging.