By Juthawut Chantharamalee

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Operating System 2

• By Juthawut Chantharamalee

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????? 6 ??????????????????????????? 
(Process Management)
????? 2
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6.1 ???????????????????????? (Process Concept)

• ????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? (Process)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  (Single Process) ?????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ?????????????????????
  (multi-user computer system) ?????????????????????
  ????????????????

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6.1 ???????????????????????? (Process Concept)

• ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ?????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? (interaction)
  ?????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????
  ?????????????????????? (process
  synchronization) ?????????????????????????????????
  ????????

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6.1 ???????????????????????? (Process Concept)

• 6.1.1 ?????????????????? (The Process) ?????????
  (Process) ????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????(Text Section)
  ?????????????????????????????????? (Program
  Counter) ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? (CPU) ?????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ??????????????????
  (Process) ??????????????????????????????????

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6.1 ???????????????????????? (Process Concept)

• 6.1.2 ????????????????? (Process State)
  ???????????????????????????????????????????
  (Process) ?????????????????????????????? (State)
  ?????????????????????? ?????? New
  ???????????? ????????????????????? (Created)
  ??????Running ???????????? ???????????????????????
  ????? (Executed) Waiting ???????????? Process
  ????? (Waiting) ??????????????????????????????
  (??????????????? I/O ????????? signal ????????)
  Ready ???????????? Process ?????????????????????
  CPU Terminal ???????????? Process
  ????????????????????????

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?????? 6.1 ??????????????????????????????????????
(Diagram of Process State)
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6.1 ???????????????????????? (Process Concept)

• 6.1.3 ???????????????????? (Process Control
  Block)
• PCB ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? (Process)
  ??????????????????? ??????????????????? (Task
  Control Block) ???????????????? 6.2
  ????????????????

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?????? 6.2 ???????????????????? (Process Control
Block PCB)
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6.1 ???????????????????????? (Process Concept)

• 6.1.3 ???????????????????? (Process Control
  Block)
• 1. ????????????????? (Process State)
  ????????????????????????????? (New) ??????????
  (Running) ????????????????????? (Running)
  ???????? (Waiting) ???????????????????? (Halted)
  ??????? 2. ??????????
  (Program Counter) ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? (Process) ????????????????

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6.1 ???????????????????????? (Process Concept)

• 6.1.3 ???????????????????? (Process Control
  Block)
• 3. ???????????????????????????????????????
  (CPU Registers) ??????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ??????????
  (Accumulator) ???????????????? (Index Register)
  ????? (Stack) ?????? (Pointer) ???
  ???????????????? (General-Purpose Registers)
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  (Condition-Code Information) ???????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  (Process) ??????????????????????????? (Interrupt)
  ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????
  6.3

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?????? 6.3 ???????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? (Diagram Showing CPU Switch from
Process to Process)
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6.1 ???????????????????????? (Process Concept)

• 6.1.3 ???????????????????? (Process Control
  Block)
• 4. ???????????????????????????????????
  (CPU-Scheduling Information) ?????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????? Process
  Priority ??????????? Queues ???????Parameters
  ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? 5. ???????????????????????????????(Memory-
  Management Information) ??????????????????????????
  ?????????? Base Register ?????????? Limit
  Register ???? Page Tables ???? Segment Tables
  ??????????????? Memory System ??? Operating
  System ???????????

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6.1 ???????????????????????? (Process Concept)

• 6.1.3 ???????????????????? (Process Control
  Block)
• 6. ??????????? (Account Information)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  (Amount CPU) ????????????????? ? ???????????
  (Limit Times) ??????????? (Account Numbers) ???
  (Job) ?????????????????????????? (Process
  Numbers) 7. ????????????????????????
  ?????? (I/O Status Information)
  ???????????????????????????????????????????
  (Allocated) ???????????????????????????? (I/O
  Devices) ???????????????????????? (Open Files)
  ????????????????? (Process)

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6.2 ??????????????????????? (Process Scheduling)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  (Process) ???????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????? (CPU
  Utilization) ?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? (Process)
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????? (Process)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? (CPU) ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? (Process) ????? ???????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????? (Process)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????

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6.2 ??????????????????????? (Process Scheduling)

• 6.2.1 ??????????????????? (Scheduling Queues)
  ?????????????? (Process) ?????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? (Job Queue)
  ??????????????? (Process) ????????????????????????
  ????? (Main Memory) ??????????????????? (Ready)
  ??????????? (Wait) ???????????????????????????????
  ???????????? (List) ????????????????
  ????????????????????? (Ready Queue)
  ?????????????????????????????? (Ready Queue
  Header) ??????????? (Lists) ?????????? (Pointers)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????? (Process Control Block PCB)

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6.2 ??????????????????????? (Process Scheduling)

• ????????????????????????????????????????????
  (PCB) ???????????????????? (Pointer Field)
  ????????????????????????????????? (PCB)
  ??????????? ???????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? I/O ???????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? (List) ???????????????????????????????
  I/O ???????? ???????????????????????? (Device
  Queue) ????????????????? (Process)
  ?????????????????????????????????????? (Process)
  ????????????? 6.4

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?????? 6.4 ???????????????????????????????????????
???????????????? (The Ready Queue and Various
I/O Device Queues)
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6.2 ??????????????????????? (Process Scheduling)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????? (Queuing Diagram)
  ????????????? 6.5 ????????????????????????????????
  ?????? (Queue) ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????
  ???????? (Ready Queue) ???????????????????????????
  ?????????? (Device Queue) ????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  ? (New Process) ???????????????????????????????
  (Ready Queue) ????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? (???????????? Dispatcher)??????????????
  ????? (CPU)

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6.2 ??????????????????????? (Process Scheduling)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????
• 1. ????????? (Process) ??????????????????????
  I/O ???????????????????????????? 2.
  ????????? (Process) ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? 3.
  ????????? (Process) ??????????????????????????????
  ????????? (CPU) ???????????????????????
  (Interrupt) ??????????????????????????????????????
  ?? (Ready Queue)

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?????? 6.5 ???????????????????????????????????????
????????????(Queuing-Diagram Representation of
Process Scheduling)
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6.2 ??????????????????????? (Process Scheduling)

• 6.2.2 ??????????????????? (Scheduler)
  ?????????????????????? (Process)
  ????????????????????????????????????? (Scheduling
  Queues) ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? (Spooled) ? ?????????????????????????????
  ????????????? (Mass-Storage Device) ???? ?????
  (Disk) ??????? ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????? ??????

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6.2 ??????????????????????? (Process Scheduling)

• 1. ?????????????????????????? ( Long-term
  scheduler) ??????????????????? ??????????????(Job
  Scheduler) ????????????????????????????????????
  (Processes) ????????????????????? (Spool)
  ????????????? (Load) ?????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????? ??????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ??????????????? (Degree of
  Multiprogramming) ??????????????????

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6.2 ??????????????????????? (Process Scheduling)

• 2. ??????????????????????????? (Medium-term
  scheduler) ???????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? ???? ????????????????????????????
  (Time-Sharing Systems)????????????? (Process)
  ???????????????????????????????????????? (Swapped
  in) ?????????? (Swapped Out) ???????
  ???????????????? 6.6 3.
  ??????????????????????????? (Short-term
  scheduler) ??????????????????? ???????????????????
  ??????? (CPU Scheduler) ??????????????????????????
  ?????????? (Processes) ???????????????????
  (Ready) ????????????????? (Execute)
  ?????????????????????????? ????????????????
  (CPU) ?????????????????????????????

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?????? 6.6 ???????????????????????????????????????
?????????? (Addition of Medium-Term
Scheduling to The Queuing Diagram)
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6.2 ??????????????????????? (Process Scheduling)

• 6.2.3 ????????????????????? (Context
  Switch)??????? (Switching) ????????????
  (Process) ???????????????????????????????? (CPU)
  ???????????????????????????????????? (Old
  Process) ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? (New Process)
  ?????????????????????????? ????????
  ????????????????????? (Context Switch)
  ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
  ?????? (PCB) ?????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? (CPU Register) ????????????????????
  (Process State) ???????????????? 6.1

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6.3 ????????????????????????(Operations on
Processes)

• ????????? (Process) ????? ????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  (Created) ????? (Deleted) ????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????? (Process
  Creation) ???????????????????????????????????
  (Process Termination) ????????????????????????????
  ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????

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6.3 ????????????????????????(Operations on
Processes)

• 6.3.1 ????????????????? (Process Creation)
  ????????? (Process) ??????????????????????????????
  ?????????? (System Call) ????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? ??????????????????? (Parent
  Process) ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ???????????? (Children Process)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? ????????????? 6.7
  ????????????? ???????????????????????
  ?????? ???? ??????????????????????????? (CPU
  Time) ??????????? (Memory) ???? (File)
  ??????????????????? (I/O Device) ???????

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6.3 ????????????????????????(Operations on
Processes)

• ?????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? (Subprocess) ???????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? (Parent)
  ???????????????????????????????? (Process)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????

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?????? 6.6 ???????????????????????????????????????
?????????? (Addition of Medium-Term
Scheduling to The Queuing Diagram)
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6.3 ????????????????????????(Operations on
Processes)

• 6.3.2 ??????????????????? (Process Termination)
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????? (System
  Call) ? ??????????????? (Process)
  ?????????????????????????????????????????
  (Parent) ????? ???????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? (Parent) ????????????????????
  ???????????????????? (Children) ?????????????
  ??????

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6.3 ????????????????????????(Operations on
Processes)

• 1. ???????????? (Children) ???????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????
  (Parent) ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ????? (Children) ???? 2.
  ??????????????????????????????? (Children)
  ??????????????? 3. ???????????????????
  (Parent) ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? (Children) ??????????????????????
  ???????????????????? (Parent) ???????????????????
  ??????????????? (Children) ???????????????????????
  ????? ??????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? (Cascading Termination)
  ???????????? ??????????????

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6.4 ?????????????????????? (Cooperating Process)

• ???????????????????? (Process) ???????????????????
  ????? ??????????????????????????????????
  (Independent) ????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????? (Effect) ????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? (Cooperating)
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  (Effect) ???????????????????? ????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????

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6.4 ?????????????????????? (Cooperating Process)

• 1. ??????????????????? (Information Sharing)
  2. ?????????????????????????? (Computation
  Speedup) ???????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????? Subtask ????????Subtask
  ?????????????????? Parallel ??????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????? ???? CPUs ,
  I/O Channels ??????? 3.
  ???????????????? (Modularity) ????????????????????
  (Process) ?????????????????
  4. ????????????? (Convenience)
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ???? Editing, Printing, Compiling
  in Parallel) ???????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????? ????????????????????? (Multiprogramming)
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  (Process) ?????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? (Interprocess Communication IPC)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? (Processes) ?????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? (Synchronize) ??????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ????????? ??????????????????????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• 6.5.1 ????????????????? (Message-Passing System)
  ??????????????????????????? ???????? Processes
  ????????????????Processes ????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????? Microkernel's
  ???????? ????????????????????????????? Processes
  ???????? ???????????????????????????kernel
  ???????????????????????Processes
  ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????? (IPC)
  ????????????????? 2 ??? ??? send(message)???
  receive(message) ????? Communication Link
  ?????????????????????? 2 Processes

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????? ???????
  (Send/Receive Operations) ??????????? 1.
  ??????????????????????????? (Direct or Indirect
  Communication)
• 2. ???????????????????????????????? (Symmetric
  or Asymmetric Communication)
• 3. ??????????????????????????????????
  (Automatic or Explicit Buffering)
• 4. ????????????????????????????????????? (Send
  by Copy or Send by Reference)
• 5. ????????????????????????????????????????????
  (Fixed-Sized or Variable-Sized Massage)

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• 6.5.2 ?????????????????????? (Naming)
  ????????? (Process) ??????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????
  ??????????????????? (Direct Communication)
  ???????????????????? (Indirect Communication)
  ???????
• 6.5.2.1 ???????????????? (Direct
  Communication) ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????? (Process) ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• ??????????????????????? (Symmetry)
• send(P, message) ??????? ??????????????????????
  Process P receive(Q, message)
  ??????? ???????????????????? Process Q
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? - ????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? (Process) ??????
  (???????????????) ?????????????????????????????
  ?? (Process) ?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? -
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  (Process) - ???????????????? (Process)
  ?????? (???????????????) ?????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• ?????????????????????????? (Asymmetry)
  
  send(P, message) ???????
  ?????????????????????? Process
  Receive(id,
  message) ??????? ???????????????????? Process
  ??? ????????????? id ????????????????????
  Process?????????????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• 6.5.2.2 ????????????????? (Indirect
  Communication) ???????????????????????????????????
  ? (Process) ??????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????? ???????????? (Mail Box) ????
  ????????????????? (Port) ?????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? (Process)
  ????????????????????????? (Process)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? (Unique) ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? (Process) ?????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ???????????????? (Process)
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• send(A, message) ??????? ??????????????????????
  Mail Box A receive(A, message) ???????
  ???????????????????? Mail Box A
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????? - ????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? (Process) ??????
  (???????????????) ????????????????????????????????
  ??????? (Mail Box) ???????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? 2 Process - ???????????????????????????
  ? (Process) ???????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? (Mail Box) ?????????????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• 6.5.3 ??????????????????????????????????????
  (Synchronization or Asynchronization)
  ????????????????????????????????????????
  (Blocking) ???????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????
  (Nonblocking) ????????????????????? (Send)
  ???????????????? (Receive) ??????
• 1.????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? (Blocking Sent) ???????????????????????
  (Process) ???????????????????? ???????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
  (Acknowledgement) ????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• 2.????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? (Nonblocking Sent) ???????????
  ???????????? (Process) ????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????(Acknowledgement) ?????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????? (Buffer)
  ????????????????????????????????????????????
• 3.????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????? (Blocking Receive) ???????????????????????
  (Process) ????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• 4.????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? (Nonblocking Receive)
  ??????????????????????? (Process)
  ???????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????
  ????????????????????????????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• 6.5.4 ???????????? (Buffering) ???????????????????
  ????????????????????? (Direct) ???????????
  (Indirect) ????????????????????
  ????????????????????? (Process)
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ?????????????? 3 ?????????????
• 1. ??????????????? (Zero Capacity)
  ??????????????????????????????????? 0
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? 2.
  ????????????? (Bounded Capacity)
  ???????????????????????????????????? n

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• ?????????????????????????? n ?????????????????
  (Resize) ????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  (?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????) ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????

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6.5 ????????????????????????????????
(Interprocess Communication)

• ?????????????????????????? n ?????????????????
  (Resize) ????????????? ???????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  (?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????) ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????
• 3. ???????????????? (Unbounded Capacity)
  ??????????????????????? ???????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????

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????

• ????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ???????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
  ????????? (Process) ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• Process ???????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? Text Section
  ?????????????????????Program Counter
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????? (CPU) ??????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ?????????? ?????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? (Process) ?????????????????????
  ?????????????

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????

• ????????????????? (Process State)
  ???????????????????????????????????????????
  (Process) ?????????????????????????????? (State)
  ?????????????????????? ?????? New ????????????
  ????????????????????? (Created) ?????? Running
  ???????????? ????????????????????????????
  (Executed) Waiting ???????????? ?????????
  (Process) ???????? (Waiting) ?????????????????????
  ????????? (??????????????? I/O ???????????????
  (signal) ????????) Ready ???????????? ?????????
  (Process) ??????????????????????????????????????
  (CPU) Terminal ???????????? ????????? (Process)
  ????????????????????????

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????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? (Process) ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????? (CPU
  Utilization) ?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? (Process)
  ????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????? (Process)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? (CPU) ?????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? (Process) ????? ???????????????

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????

• ????????? (Process) ????? ????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
  (Created) ????? (Deleted) ????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? Process Creation
  ??????????????????????????????????? (Process
  Termination) ?????????????????????????????????????
  
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ????????????????????? (Multiprogramming)
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????Process
  ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????? ????????????????????????????????
  (Interprocess Communication IPC)

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The EndLesson 6
Suan Dusit Rajabhat University (Computer Science)