The Cold War

1
The Cold War

• From the outset of post-war peace, a strong
  rivalry began to grow between Communists and
  Capitalists of the world it would last for 45
  years!

2
Cold WarA Time of Tension or Almost War

• As soon as World War II was over, the Allies
  split into two camps capitalists (democracies)
  and communists (totalitarian government).
• For 45 years (1945-1990), these two super powers
  (U.S. U.S.S.R.) were in conflict all over the
  world who would be the worlds primary
  influence. Several times, war almost broke out.
• Question Why DIDNT war break out between the
  superpowers? (Hint think about the cost of such
  a war)
• On each showdown, list which side seemed to be
  the winner in that particular conflict. Make the
  categories US win USSR win both win both
  lose no lasting effect

3
The United Nations (1945)

• Following WWII, the world returned to an idea
  that President Woodrow Wilson had wanted an
  international peace organization that could help
  prevent future wars. So, the League of Nations
  became the United Nations the headquarters was
  moved from Paris to New York.

4
Animal FarmA Predictor of Conflict to Come

• In 1942, George Orwell wrote a book about the
  potential conflict that would arise between
  Communists and Capitalists in the world. Orwell
  (whose real name was Eric Blair) had seen
  communisms faults in person while living in
  Spain. Orwell saw that the world would fall into
  two camps of government.

5
Animal FarmA Predictor of Conflict to Come

• Orwell knew that democracy promised individual
  rights and private enterprise. Communists argued
  that this only promoted the rich to get richer
  while the poor got poorer. Communists would
  have the government control everything, limit
  individual rights, BUT re-distribute the wealth
  so all would be treated equally.
• Orwell warned that communism would seek to
  overthrow democracies throughout the world.
  (Workers of the world- UNITE!)
• Ironically, he could not find a publisher for his
  book until AFTER the war in 1945.
• Question Why would English publishers be
  unwilling to criticize the U.S.S.R. during World
  War II?

6
Harry Trumans Containment Theory (1947)

• Harry Truman understood the predictions of Karl
  Marx that the whole world would turn to communism
  eventually. He proposed that the free world
  should not seek to wipe out communism, but keep
  it from spreading.
• The free people of the world look to us for
  support in maintaining their freedoms.
• Harry Truman
• Question How is Trumans view on communism
  similar to Lincolns view on slavery?

7
The Nuremberg Trialspg. 792-793 (Red book)

• In 1946, 24 Nazi leaders were charged with
  crimes against humanity.
• What do you think their defense strategy would
  have been?
• How many do you think were sentenced to death?

8
George Marshalls Plan (1947)

• Secretary of State (and ex-general) George
  Marshall proposed a plan for America to help
  re-build Europe. From 1948-1952, the U.S. gave
  12 billion to Western Europe.
• Eastern European countries, under Soviet
  influence, refused to accept the aid.
• Communism v. Capitalism had begun to become a
  conflict that Orwell had predicted.

9
N.A.T.O. versus Warsaw Pact

• Part of the punishment for Germany causing a 2nd
  world war was they were not allowed to remain a
  sovereign country. In essence, they were put into
  time-out with England, France, and the U.S.
  controlling West Germany while the U.S.S.R.
  controlled East Germany. In 1948, it was proposed
  to let Germany re-join, but the U.S.S.R. said it
  should not happen. Berlin was also split into
  parts.

10
N.A.T.O. versus Warsaw Pact

• The United States realized that world wars were a
  constant threat, as this was the 2nd war in which
  America went to the rescue of the democracies
  of Europe. Isolationalism was no longer an
  option The U.S. proposed to form an alliance
  with Europe North Atlantic Treaty Organization
  (NATO). In retaliation, the U.S.S.R. formed the
  Warsaw Pact to oppose NATO in 1959.

11
Berlin Airlift (March, 1947)

• The Soviets did not like having to share Berlin
  with the NATO powers. So, to force the NATO
  forces to leave, the Soviets cut off all roads
  and air fields to the Allies. Stalin would try to
  force the evacuation of West Berlin by
  starvation. Truman told Stalin that he would
  airlift supplies to West Berlin and if Stalin
  shot down any planes, this would be considered an
  act of war. Stalin backed down after 327 days.
• FYI Mr. Griffins mother was a child whose
  family was stationed in West Berlin at the time.
  Her father was a chaplain in the army. Her family
  was saved by the Berlin Airlift and her father
  talked of how close the world came to another
  conflict.

12
Berlin Airliftpg. 812-814 (Red), pg. 937-941
(Gray)

• Suddenly, out of the mist came a parachute with
  a fresh Hershey chocolate bar from America. It
  took me a week to eat that candy bar. I hid it
  day and night. The chocolate was wonderful, but
  it wasn't the chocolate that was most important.
  What it meant was that someone in America cared.
  That parachute was something more important than
  candy. It represented hope. Hope that someday we
  would be free. Without hope the soul
  dies. ? Michael O. Tunnell, Candy Bomber

13
The M.A.D. Scheme of Nuclear War

• The Soviets realized that their struggle with the
  Western democracies would be in vain if they did
  not develop atomic/ nuclear weapons. So, they
  began to build their own bomb, and on September
  3, 1949, they successfully exploded their own
  atomic bomb.
• With both sides having these weapons that could
  destroy a whole city, neither side could hope to
  win a nuclear war. They both could bomb the
  other, but they could not stop the other side
  from doing the same. Thus, a nuclear war would
  have mutally assured destruction (M.A.D.) as
  neither side would survive!

14
Bomb Shelters Survival
15
Nuclear War Win-able?
16
China turns to Communism

• In October 1949, the world received a shock that
  communism was spreading throughout the world.
  Chiang Kai-sheks government was overthrown by
  Chinese Communists led Mao Zedong. Kai-shek fled
  to the island of Taiwan. Though China and the
  U.S.S.R. would be rivals, the land mass of the
  two countries was almost ¼ of the earths
  surface.
• Communism was spreading just like Karl Marx had
  predicted in his book, The Communist Manifesto!

17
The Korean War1950-1953

• Korea had been a Japanese colony from 1910-1945.
  Once WWII was over, Korea was split into two
  countries along the 38th parallel. North Korea
  would be under Communist control South Korea
  would be under Democratic control.
• In June (1950), North Koreans invaded South Korea
  to take it over.

18
The Korean War1950-1953

• This was a major test for the United Nations.
  President Truman got the U.N. to sanction troops
  to be sent to liberate South Korea. General
  Douglass MacArthur was put in charge of the
  liberation.

19
The Korean War1950-1953

• MacArthur succeeded and pushed into North Korea.
  China, which had become Communist in 1948, vowed
  to enter the war with North Korea. A potential
  3rd world war was imminent MacArthur was ordered
  to cease his attack. When he complained publicly
  about President Trumans orders, he was relieved
  of his command. (The President has the power of
  Commander-in-Chief)

20
The Korean War1950-1953

• In 1952, Dwight Eisenhower is elected President
  of the U.S. He promises to go to Korea and end
  the war. He gets the 38th parallel re-established
  and North Korea South Korea exist to this day.
  This is seen as a victory for the U.S. because
  South Korea was preserved.

Medals of Honor
21
The Korean War1950-1953

• 54,000 Americans and 2 million Korean and Chinese
  lives were lost. But the war showed that the
  world could unite to stop a threat in the world.
• The T.V. show M.A.S.H. was about the Korean
  War. It brought up many questions about warfare
  to the viewing audience. It was on during the
  1970s.

22
The Red Scare

• American Reds (communists) are everywhere in
  factories, offices, butcher stores, on street
  corners, in private businesses and each carries
  in himself the germ of death for society.
• --Trumans attorney general

23
HUAC versus the Hollywood 10

• House Un-American Activities Committee
• Communists are sneaking propaganda into films.
• Hollywood 10 unfriendly witnesses who decided
  the hearings were unconstitutional and refused to
  testify. They were sent to prison.

24
Alger Hiss The Rosenbergs

• Alger Hiss was accused of passing documents to
  the USSR. He was found innocent of that charge
  but guilty of perjury and sent to jail.
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were charged with
  giving atomic secrets to the Soviets. They were
  sentenced to death.

25
The Red Scare

• In 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy (Wisconsin)
  announced that he had a list of 57 State
  Department employees who were secretly members of
  the Communist Party. This led to four years of
  investigations into many people.

26
The Red Scare

• McCarthy seemed to infer that Communists were
  everywhere and were planning to overthrow the
  U.S. Men like Ed Morrow (a news broadcaster)
  challenged some of his beliefs. Many people who
  were accused of attending a single speech on
  Communism in college lost their job, movie role,
  etc. Paranoia began to spread throughout the land.

27
Hero or Glory Hound?
28
The Space Race

• In 1957, the Soviets launched the 1st artificial
  satellite into outer space (Sputnik). Nikita
  Krushchev, who had replaced Joseph Stalin,
  claimed that new satellites would be able to soar
  over the United States!

29
The Space Race

• This led to an increase in education in the
  United States, as students were encouraged into
  taking more science and math classes.
• Also, the National Aeronautics Space
  Administration (NASA) was started in 1958.
• The Space Race was on!

30
The Space Race

• The United States quickly got men into orbit like
  John Glenn, and the Space Race became the focal
  point of the 1960s. John F. Kennedy, who was
  elected in 1960, predicted that we would put a
  man on the moon by the end of the decade! Neil
  Armstrong made that prediction come true!

31
U-2 Incident(1959)

• Because of the fear of the technological advances
  by the Soviets, President Eisenhower ordered
  high-flying U-2 planes to fly over the USSR. When
  one got shot down, we denied it had been there.
  The Soviets then provided the pilot, Gary Powers,
  who had survived the plane crash.

32
Israel The Suez Canal

• In 1948, Israel was created by splitting
  Palestine into 2 states Jewish Arab. The
  creation of Israel was supported by both the U.S.
  USSR to create a nation for the survivors of
  the Holocaust.

• In 1955, President Nasser wanted to build a dam
  on the Nile River. He tried to play US v. USSR
  for money. When he was denied, he shut down the
  Suez Canal. France, England, and Israel responded
  with force until the U.N stepped in to solve it.

33
Eisenhower and the Interstate Highway Act of 1956

• President Eisenhowers greatest domestic creation
  had a military sub-point. Highways were to be
  designed to also serve as emergency runways, if
  needed

34
Fidel CastroCommunist King of Chaos

• In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgenci Batista
  as dictator of Cuba. Castro then told the U.S.
  that he would no longer want the U.S. as an ally,
  but would accept aid from the Soviet Union. Cuba,
  which is 90 miles south of Miami, would become a
  major hotbed of controversy for the U.S.
  Presidents for many years.
• FYI Calvin Griffith, owner of the Minnesota
  Twins said that his biggest regret in baseball
  was letting a young lefty go when his arm got
  hurt. That young man went back to his native Cuba
  and led a revolution- Fidel Castro!

35
Bay of Pigs

• On April 17, 1961, exiles from Cuba returned to
  the Bay of Pigs to overthrow Castro. President
  John F. Kennedy had promised air support, but
  changed his mind he did not want to risk war
  with the Soviet Union. Castro defeats the Cuban
  exiles easily and boasts of victory.

36
Berlin is Split West East

• When the Berlin Wall was built, JFK went to visit
  to inspire the German people and to denounce the
  wall. The crowd went wild when he said, I am a
  Berliner in German!

37
Berlin Wall is Built

• By the 1960s, many East Germans were leaving for
  West Germany in essence, they were choosing a
  democratic life over a communistic one. So,
  barriers were built between the two nations and
  even through the city of Berlin!

38
Berlin Wall
39
Cuban Missile Crisis

• In October of 1962, JFK learned that the USSR was
  sending nuclear missiles to Cuba AND Castro was
  allowing missile sites to be built. From there,
  most cities of the eastern US could be attacked
  by nuclear weapons. JFK ordered a blockade of
  Cuba and told Kruschev that the missiles would
  NOT be allowed into Cuba. The US made its case
  with the United Nations. During those 13 days,
  the world was close to World War III. However,
  Kruschev backed down when the US agreed to leave
  a base in Turkey if the USSR left Cuba

40
Cuban Missile Crisis
41
Showdown at the Castro Corral
42
Reality v. Virtual Reality
Staring eye to eye, Kruschev blinked!
43
Vietnam War(1959-1974)

• The Communists revolution then spread to Vietnam.
  The North Vietnamese (Vietcong) were supported by
  the USSR China in their communist revolution.
  South Vietnam was supported by the United States
  when the Vietcong invaded and wanted to re-unite
  the country under the banner of Communism.

44
Vietnam War(1959-1974)

• From Presidents Eisenhower, JFK, and LBJ, it was
  decided that military advisors and troops would
  be sent in to stop the attacks of the Vietcong.
  The Tet Offensive and the fall of Saigon were two
  downfalls for the U.S.

45
Vietnam War(1959-1974)
46
Vietnam War(1959-1974)

• To combat the guerilla tactics of the Vietcong,
  new weapons were invented such as Agent Orange
  and napalm. Agent Orange is sprayed on the
  foliage to kill it (and remove hiding places)
  napalm is a jellied explosive that is hard to
  remove off a person. Weapons had to adjust to the
  jungle terrain and the hit run tactics of the
  Vietcong.

47
Iraqi War New Vietnam ???(Secretary Donald
Rumsfeld is driving)
48
Détente A lessening of tensionNixon Ends
Vietnam War, Makes Visit to Communist China

• Besides ending the Vietnam War, President Nixon
  also wanted to reduce the tensions with Communist
  China. Up to this point, the U.S. had recognized
  the island of Taiwan as the official China.
  Communist China recognized Taiwan as a renegade
  island that was part of Communist China. Nixons
  visit to China lowered tensions that had built up
  during the Vietnam War.

49
Détente Communication Among the Super Powers
of the World!
50
Nixon Watergate

• On June 17, 1972, _at_ 230 a.m., 5 men were caught
  breaking into the Watergate Hotel to steal
  Democratic strategy for the upcoming election
  to place wiretaps.
• Nixons own White House tapes supplied evidence
  that he knew of the break-in and the cover-up in
  the Congressional investigation.

51
Nixon Watergate

• Nixon was forced by the U.S. Supreme Court to
  surrender the tapes there were several erased
  sections.
• Nixon resigned when it became apparent that
  Congress was preparing to impeach him and remove
  him from office.

52
President Carters Plan to Reduce Nuclear
Weapons SALT II Treaty

• In 1976, Jimmy Carter was elected as President of
  the United States. Besides being the 1st Georgian
  to be elected to that office, Carter met with
  Leonid Brezhnev to have a strategic arms
  limitation treaty (SALT). Because each side had
  enough weapons to destroy each other many times
  over, both countries agreed to limit new weapons
  and dismantle many old ones.

53
Carter Camp David Accords

• President Carter invited Anwar Sadat of Egypt
  Menachem Begin of Israel to a 12 day meeting to
  establish the 1st signed peace treaty between
  Israel an Arab country.

54
The Iran Hostage Crisis

• The Ayatollah Khomeni led a revolt against the
  Shah in Iran. The Shah fled in exile to the U.S.
  for cancer treatments.
• On 11/04/79, the U.S. Embassy is attacked 52
  hostages are held- to demand the Shah to be
  returned to Iran. They were held for 444 days-
  until a new president (Reagan was elected).

55
Soviets Invade Afghanistan

• In 1979, The Soviets invaded Afghanistan. The
  U.S. began to help with weapons, machinery, and
  expertise. This war lingers for many years some
  called it the USSRs Vietnam
• (Charlie Wilsons War , starring Tom Hanks, is
  about a U.S. Congressman who sends supplies to
  Afghanistan).

56
Diplomacy, Boycotts, Cold Front Returns for
U.S. USSR

• President Carter also refused to allow our
  athletes to attend the 1980 Moscow Olympics as a
  response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
  In retailation, the USSR refused to attend the
  1984 Los Angeles Olympics.
• FYI During the Cold War, there were two German
  teams and Korean teams North (communist) and
  South (capitalist).
• Question Who was hurt the most by these boycotts?

57
President ReaganThe Soviet Union is The Evil
Empire

• In the 1980s, President Reagan took a tough
  approach to the Soviet Union- he even called them
  the evil empire. He also called on the new
  Russian leader, Mikail Gorbachev to bring down
  the Berlin Wall.
• Question Do you remember what president spoke
  out when it was built in the early 1960s?

58
Reaganomics and Iran-Contra

• Reagonomics, or supply side economics believed
  in tax cuts for the rich, and the effects would
  trickle down to the poor.
• Oliver North, testifying about the weapons given
  to free the Iranian hostages minutes after
  President Reagan was sworn into office.
• Money was also sent to the Contra Rebels in
  Nicaragua without Congressional approval.

59
1989 The Wall Comes A Tumblin Down!
60
Georgia Congressman (Lanny McDonald) dies when
Soviets shoot down Korean Airliner in their
airspace! (Accident or Conspiracy?)
61
U.S. Increases Spending to Build Star Wars!!!

• President Reagan persuaded Congress to spend
  billions of dollars on Star Wars- the satellite
  defense system (not the movie)! Star Wars would
  allow satellites to shoot Soviet missles out of
  the sky. This would end the M.A.D. scenario
  (mutally assured destruction), and it forced the
  Soviets to increase their spending on defense to
  catch-up at a time when the Soviet economy was
  collapsing. This proved to be the straw that
  broke the camels back, as new Soviet leaders
  ended communism in their country changed their
  name back to Russia.
• FYI Ironically, the United States never
  completed the Star Wars defense system. In
  essence, the threat of such an advantage for the
  Americans led to the USSR collapse

62
Free Enterprise Democracy Incentive to Do
Well

• The major economic problem that communism faced
  was that people had no incentive to work hard
  they didnt benefit from their hard work and
  ingenuity- the government got all the benefits.
• Also, Communism was not able to treat everyone
  equally. A few still got richer while many
  got poorer. So, people in a communistic society
  had the same problems as a capitalistic society
  with NONE of the individual benefits or freedoms!

63
Chinese Students Protest Communism in Tienamen
Square (1989)
64
President Clinton NAFTA

• The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
  was a trade treaty between Canada, US, and
  Mexico.
• It was to strengthen the ties between the three
  countries.

65
NAFTA Trade Data
66
Russian LeadersMikail Gorbachev Boris Yeltsin
67
Communism TodayCuba, China, Vietnam, North Korea
68
What Is The Future of Communism?
69
Fighting New Enemies Terrorists
70
Remembering the Past, Moving Towards the Future
Korean War Memorial