Mary Shelley

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Mary ShelleysFrankenstein

• The Modern Prometheus

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Why is it a Classic?
It speaks truths
It reveals human fears
It warns us of humans relentless search for power
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Ideas to Consider as We Read..

• Parents should not necessarily be held
  responsible for their childrens actions.
• Everyone is capable of having a dark side.
• Some secrets are meant to be kept.
• Technology and science can solve all of our
  problems.
• Companionship is as basic a need as food or
  shelter.
• If a person or animal is treated with cruelty,
  then he will respond to others in the same way.

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Ideas to Consider as We Read..

• 7. Loneliness is the main cause of sorrow in
  life.
• 8. People make judgments based on physical
  appearance all the time.
• 9. Nature has restorative effects.
• 10. The most basic human need uniting us all is
  the need to feel like we actually matter.
• 11. It is more important to make a mark on the
  world than to preserve the feelings of others. It
  is difficult to do both simultaneously.
• 12. Nature vs. nurture- which has a greater
  impact on human development?

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Frankenstein An Authors Introduction,
xxiii-xxviii

• What did the publishers want her to do for
  them? Why do you think was the case?
• What does her childhood/personal background have
  to do with what she wrote?
• What happened at Lord Byrons house?
• How did her exposure to certain conversations
  influence her?

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Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

• Her publishers thought it would be
  useful/interesting for her to explain to her
  readers how her story came about.
• This is somewhat reasonable given her identity
  as a female and the fact that nothing like it had
  ever been written before.

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Her Familys Influence

• Her father, William Godwin,was a political
  thinker and writer.
• Her mother, Mary WollstonecrAft, was a
  feminist.

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Mary Shelleys Frankenstein

• In the summer of 1816, 19 year old Mary
  Wollstonecraft Godwin and her husband, the poet
  Percy Shelley, visited the Lord Byron at his
  villa beside Lake Geneva in Switzerland.

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The Motivation

• Stormy weather frequently forced them indoors,
  where they and Byron's other guests sometimes
  read from a volume of ghost stories. One evening,
  Byron challenged his guests to each write one
  themselves. Mary's story, inspired by a dream,
  became Frankenstein.
• Her social circles
• and her marriage to a
• well-respected Romantic
• poet would have raised
• her interest in writing
• and in science, reason, etc

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What was Science Up to at this Point?

• During Marys time, scientists and physicians
  were fascinated by the elusive boundary between
  life and death.
• They experimented with lower organisms,
  performed human anatomical studies, attempted to
  resuscitate drowning victims, and even performed
  experiments using electricity to restore life to
  the recently dead.

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Where is this all going?.....

• Influenced by the Romantic Period, the
  scientific inquiry of her time, and her own life,
  Mary Shelleys Gothic novel, Frankenstein,
  presents a clear message on the irony and danger
  in the quest for power.

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Social Context Gothicism and Romanticism

• Setting late 18th century, across various parts
  of Europe, esp Switzerland, Germany, and the far
  reaches of the Arctic
• Published in 1818 at the height of the Romantic
  movement (1798-1832)- movement in art and
  literature that stressed such concepts as
  optimism, importance of the individual,
  imagination, the value of nature, and the
  expression of thought
• Romantic heroes are often rebels, outcasts,
  pariahs- a motif we will see developed throughout
  this Gothic text.

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Social Context Gothicism and Romanticism

• Frankenstein- quintessential example of a gothic
  novel, which was very popular btwn 1760 and 1820.
• It can be considered a blend of both
• Romanticism and Gothicism.
• Gothic harsh or cruel (Gothic tribes of
• The Middle Ages) also mean
• medieval, referring to the actual
• historical period

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Elements of a Gothic novel

• Freedom of thought and expression, idealization
  of nature, emphasis on heightened emotion over
  sound reason
• Mysterious disappearances, supernatural
  occurrences, suspense, terror, decay, horrible
  ruin
• Protagonist- usually a solitary, egocentric
  character who ultimately suffers great turmoil
• Sinister settings nature used frequently to
  create atmosphere, almost can function as a
  character of sorts..Gothic architecture
• Dark side of human nature is emphasized
• Passive female, women in great distress and
  tragedy

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A Few Words on the Preface.

• Marys husband Percy Shelley, a celebrated
  Romantic poet wrote it. It explains the origins
  of the book.
• Marlow refers to a place near London from where
  Percy was writing.
• Frankenstein was first published anonymously,
  most likely b/c she was female. (Anonymous
  authorship- not uncommon for many female writers
  through the 19th century). In fact, the
  reviewers of her day simply assumed a male wrote
  the book.
• Later, republished editions included Marys
  Authors Introduction.

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Letters 1-4

• Exposition begins with these letters and contains
  all events up through (roughly) the end of
  Chapter 3..
• R.W., or Robert Walton- writing to his sister
  Margaret Saville, who is back in London.
• R.W.- dreamy explorer, interested in making
  some sort of mark on the world, in the magnetic
  forces near the Arctic Poles, in discovering new
  travel routes
• His quest for knowledge echoes that of the
  stranger and foreshadows the development of
  this theme.

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Letters 1-4

• Walton expresses great need for a very specific
  type of companionship- motif developed throughout
  the text. (What might this foreshadow?) I have
  no friend Margaret
• Note the Romantic allusion- Rime of the Ancient
  Mariner- famous Romantic poem about a mournful
  sailor who ends up wretched.RW, though, believes
  success shall crown my endeavors.
• Letter 4 RW and his comrades come upon 2
  figures on the ice- 1st manof gigantic
  stature
• Later, RW pulls the stranger on board.

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Letters 1-4

• Mysterious wretched stranger- travelling to
  seek one who has fled me..- the aforementioned
  manof gigantic stature..
• Notice how badly this stranger wants to find
  the demon he is seeking.
• RW begins to love him as a brother. They have a
  great affinity for each other, can relate to each
  others ambitious nature. You seek for
  knowledge and wisdom as I once did
• The stranger tells RW his story as a cautionary
  tale of sorts.

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Letters 1-4

• Significance of the end of Letter 4 RW tells his
  sister that he plans to record the tale of the
  stranger, as nearly as possible in his own
  words
• Frankensteins narrative structure- frame
  story/narrative.
• Chapter 1 begins the first person narration of
  the stranger as told directly to and filtered
  through RW.

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Narrative Structure in Frankenstein

• Interesting fusion of 2 literary genres
• 1. Epistolary novel- work containing series of
  documents, namely letters, journal entries, etc).
  It is traditionally considered a more female
  genre.
• Intended purpose reveals inner psychological
  struggles
• Shelley subverts this genre through the use of a
  male narrator. How?
• Subvert- to undermine the power and authority of
  (typically in a clever or even insidious manner)
• Male narrator/s here experience/s little to no
  growth!

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Narrative Structure in Frankenstein

• 2. Explorers journal- traditionally a more
  masculine genre.
• Shelley also subverts the traditional purposes of
  this genre. How?
• The male narrator experiences little growth which
  was not typical of this genre. Victor ultimately
  collapses mentally Waltons quest for knowledge
  is largely a failure.

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Chapter 1

• Stranger- Genevese- (Swiss), from a very
  distinguished family his father is a renowned
  businessman of sorts.
• This stranger speaks highly of his fathers
  character, providing the example of how he stands
  by his merchant friend, Beaufort, when he falls
  into great bankruptcy and subsequent depression.
• Caroline is the daughter of Beaufort. She goes
  on to marry the elder Mr. Frankenstein, becoming
  Victors mother.

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Chapter 1

• Caroline , too, is portrayed as being of
  exceptional character- great tendernessa mind
  of uncommon mold.
• Passive female is all over this chapter Caroline
  is left an orphan and a beggar when Beaufort
  dies. Also, notice the description of her as much
  younger than her husband soft and benevolent
  mind.
• Elizabeth Lavenza, too- adoptive Italian sister
  of the stranger. His parents took pity on her
  during an excursion.He speaks of her as his
  cousin,sister and what else? She is in
  Victors possession.
• Finally, the strangers name is revealed to be
  Victor!

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Chapter 1- closing thoughts

• Notice the revelation of the strangers name as
  Victor.Why might Shelley have presented in this
  way? And why is he constantly referred to as the
  stranger?
• This builds suspense and consistently emphasizes
  Victor as a man apart, a pariah- all in keeping
  with conventions of the gothic novel

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Chapter 2

• Harmony was the soul of our companionship..-
  Victor and Elizabeth have a wonderful
  relationship!
• They are wonderful foils, or complements, for one
  another. An opposites attract type situation.
• We get a preview of Victors thirst for
  knowledge..
• Victor had a wonderful childhood. No one could
  have had a more wonderful childhood than myself.
• Notice the way male friendships play a role in
  the novel.(RW Victor, Beaufort Mr.
  Frankenstein, and Victor and his beloved Henry
  Clerval).

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Chapter 2

• Victor has wonderful relationships still, he
  recognizes he is different from those he is
  closest to in life. He is self-taught, has
  different interests from Elizabeth Henry.
• Victor is a reader and a scholar who embarks on a
  search for the elixir of life. (Does his father
  foster Victors interest in learning? How does
  this impact Victor? What is suggested about the
  nature of parents? )
• Gothic elements abound- the thunderstorm sparks
  some sort of fire in Victor, an even increased
  interest in the reaches of science.
• Why might the term destruction be used at the end
  of this chapter?...

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Chapter 3

• Caroline dies as a result of having nursed
  Elizabeth back to health from her bout w/ scarlet
  fever- Victors first massive emotional setback.
  
• What should we be noticing about the portrayal of
  the female characters?
• Is Elizabeth a strong or weak character? How so?
• Victor-off to university at 17- Ingolstadt in
  Bavaria, a region of modern-day Germany (sort of
  like a modern-day MIT)
• What similarities are there between Henry and
  Victor?

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Chapter 3

• Victor- certainly conflicted about leaving home
• Note the personification and kenning in Chance
  evil influence, Angel of Destruction-
  surrounding Victors meeting w/ one of his new
  professors, Krempe.
• Krempe dismisses Victors interest in alchemy.
  This reflects the scientific trends of Shelleys
  day.
• Alchemy- medieval science whose principal aim was
  attempting to change base metals into gold.
  However, alchemists also had interests in trying
  to cure disease and prolong human life.
• Victor- intimidated by Krempe, finds his
  personality abrasive.

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The Real Frankenstein Experiment

• 1. What exactly does Markram hope to achieve?
• 2. How do you feel about his project?
• 3. What sentences reveal just how ambitious he
  Markram really is?
• 4. What sentence best addresses the potential
  problems associated with this Blue Brain
  project?
• 5. How does the author, Michael Hanlon, feel
  about Prf. Markrams project? How do you know?
  What makes you feel this way? (Provide textual
  evidence).
• 6. Find 5 elevated vocabulary words in the text
  and define.

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Chapter 3

• Victor- certainly conflicted about leaving home
• Note the personification and kenning in Chance
  evil influence, Angel of Destruction-
  surrounding Victors meeting w/ one of his new
  professors, Krempe.
• Krempe dismisses Victors interest in alchemy.
  This reflects the scientific trends of Shelleys
  day.
• Alchemy- medieval science whose principal aim was
  attempting to change base metals into gold.
  However, alchemists also had interests in trying
  to cure disease and prolong human life.
• Victor- intimidated by Krempe, finds his
  personality abrasive.

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Chapter 3

• Waldman- almost the antithesis of Krempe
• Victors interaction w/ Waldman has a profound
  impact upon him it is the impetus that propels
  Victor toward exploring the far reaches and
  possibilities of science.
• (Refers to him as a true friend in next
  chapter)
• Thus ended a memorable day for me it decided my
  future destiny.- Groundwork is laid here for the
  exciting force/inciting incident
• Victors decision to attempt to push the
  boundaries of science and create life.

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Chapter 4

• Rising action/complication begins.
• Narrative structure in compromised when Victors
  narration is interrupted- reminds RW of the
  dangers of the pursuit of knowledge.
• Victor Whence, I often asked myself, did the
  nature of life proceed? increasingly obsessed,
  hasnt been home in approx. 2 yrs.
• Gothic elements v strong in his description of
  his experiences with corpses and in various
  vaults, etc..
• His father was rather dismissive of Victors
  interests, never seemed to be too supportive of
  them- perhaps for good reason.

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Chapter 4

• Victor- uncovers the secret to creating life
• Juxtaposition the placement of two disparate
  (contrasting) elements, ideas, people, etc
  alongside one another for dramatic effect and
  heightened tension.
• Juxtaposition of gothic and Romantic elements-
  1. The gothic Victor uses pieces of
  discarded corpses to make his own creature, etc.
  
  2. The Romantic- Victor is so caught
  up in his pursuits he doesnt notice the beauty
  of the passing seasons.
• But I forget.- reminder to the reader of the
  narrative structure, reinforces RWs role.

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Mini Review

• Characterize Mr. Frankensteins views on Victors
  education. Why do you think Mr. Frankenstein feel
  this way?
• Last class, we briefly discussed the
  juxtaposition of both gothic and Romantic
  elements in the text. What does juxtaposition
  actually mean?
• In what way/s is Victor similar to Macbeth?
• Why did Victor tell no one about his efforts?
• What seems to be the predominate literary device
  thus far? How so?
• What predictions can you make about any
  character? Why do you feel this way?

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Chapter 5

• Dark, dreary setting establishes a sense of
  foreboding as the monster, Victors creation is
  about to be revealed
• He reacts with horror and absolute disgust at
  what he had created due to his unchecked
  ambition.
• What might this monster now symbolize?.....
• Romantic allusion to previous poem- reinforces
  Victors internal dread and turmoil
• Clerval rescues Henry, nurses him back to health.
  (What prior plot point is this reminiscent of?)
• Notice the pattern/functioning of male
  friendships in the text- motif.

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Chapter 6

• Narration opens w/ letter from Elizabeth-
  Shelleys subversion of the epistolary form gives
  the narration a more layered feel.
• She writes of Ernest and William Frankenstein,
  their brothers
• Justine Moritz, a poor servant girl with a
  strange and highly changeable mother, is
  introduced. Caroline has chosen that she join
  the Frankenstein family as a servant. Justine is
  treated well, but she hasnt had an easy life.
• Why is Justines mother so tormented? How would
  you explain her?.....

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Chapter 6

• Romantic influence- notice the rejuvenating
  effect of nature on Victor as he recovers from
  his nervous breakdown.
• Victors happiness and heightened emotions
  function to dramatize, to complicate, the events
  that will soon unfold..

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Questions for Review

• Who is really the only unsympathetic female
  character we have encountered thus far?
• Describe Mrs. Moritz.
• Where have we seen the influence of the Catholic
  Church?
• How does the monster develop into something of a
  sympathetic character? (textual examples)
• What is revealed about the nature of knowledge,
  learning, and parenting in the text? (Think in
  terms of the monsters experience).
• How are Safie and the monster similar?

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Chapter 7

• Victors father conveys the woeful news that
  William is dead, presumably having been strangled
  in the woods.
• Henry Clerval accompanies Victor back to Geneva.
• Victor sees the monster in the woods and is
  resolute that he killed his brother William.
• Two years have gone by since he created the
  monster.
• Justine is charged with Williams murder. She
  was found with a picture of Caroline that William
  possessed.
• Victor knows she is innocent. The rest of his
  family seems to believe strongly in her
  innocence, too.

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Chapter 8

• On the surface, Justine appears guilty much of
  the evidence does implicate her as Williams
  murderer. She had been out wandering, she
  appears frightful and nervous
• Victor I believed in her innocence I knew it.
• Elizabeth offers powerful character testimony in
  court in defense of Justine.
• Justine confesses but only because she was under
  great duress, threatened with excommunication.
• She is executed for her supposed role in the
  murder of young William.
• Victor- torn by remorse, horror, and despair-
  refers to William and Justine as victims of his
  unhallowed arts

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Chapter 9

• Victor lives in a self-described a hell of
  intense tortures His acceptance of
  responsibility- and his feelings regarding the
  monster- are warped. He refers to himself as the
  true murderer. Still, Victor hates and fears
  the monster. Revenge is foremost in his
  thoughts.
• Elizabeth- the quintessence of virtue and
  goodness- maintains Justines innocence.
• What does Victor fear will happen?
• The chapter ends w/ Victor seeking retreat in the
  valley for some relief from his turmoil
  (Romanticism)
• I was a wreck but nothing had changed in those
  savage and enduring scenes

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Questions for Review

• How and where are biblical allusions present?
• How is Safies portrayal in keeping with the
  other females we have encountered thus far?
• What kind of person is her father? Why? How so?
• What motivates the monster to frame Justine?
• Where is the concept of the sublime apparent in
  the text?
• Where do we see light and fire in the text? What
  could each symbolize?

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Chapter 10

• One thing that can soothe, console Victor now.
• The sight of the awful and majestic in nature
  had indeed always the effect of solemnizing my
  mind.
• Victors experience of the sublime-
  literary/philosophical concept that nature has a
  dramatic restorative effect (Romantic)
• Note the allusion to Percy Shelleys poem,
  Mutability, to capture Victors turmoil.
• Sadness of the theme The only guarantee in life
  is that nothing stays the same.
• Victor and his monster finally confront one
  another. The monster pursues Victor in the hopes
  that he will fulfill his duties as his creator.
  

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Chapter 10

• Monsters lack of a name symbolizes Victors
  total disregard of the monsters apparent- and
  clear- need for nurturing and social development.
  
• Monster How dare you thus sport with life?-
  recognition of Victors hubris (excessive pride
  and arrogance in venturing to create life so
  carelessly)
• In his mind, he has done nothing to deserve such
  rejection..
• Biblical allusions to Genesis Monster describes
  himself as the rightful Adam, yet he is scorned
  as the fallen angel or like Lucifer. He refers
  to Victor as his creator, longs for a
  companion. (reminiscent of Adam and Eve)

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Chapter 10

• Monsters request Listen to my story and then
  judge me as you would.
• Significance Reader is exposed to a more human,
  merciful side of the monster AND Victor finally
  seems to realize- albeit very begrudgingly- that
  he may have some responsibility toward his
  creation.

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Chapter 11, 12

• Narration changes to include- verbatim- the
  monsters first person account of his life thus
  far. Reader is able to relate to the monster and
  hear a fresh perspective.
• Walton----Victor-----Monster..
• Notice the monsters fondness for the villagers
  and his great yearning for companionship. (Where
  had we seen this need echoed before? What does
  this signify?)
• The monster is articulate. Why is this
  noteworthy?
• He is self-educated, which shows his need for
  nurturing.
• He has taught himself language and learned as
  much as he is able the gift of empathy.

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Chapter 12

• Monster takes refuge in the woods and is enamored
  of the family. He is able to glean they are sad
  due to poverty.
• The cottagers the father, or old man, girl
  Agatha, boy Felix.
• He helps them out at a distance He wants to be
  welcomed by them he anonymously helps them with
  their chores.He called them his protectors
• The monster wants to learn to speak Why?
• Also, is his general reaction to nature similar
  or dissimilar to that of Victor?

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Chapter 13

• Arabian Safie- introduced under mysterious
  circumstances.
• Felix appears to be in love with her his family
  is very kind to her. Felix does eventually marry
  her.
• As they educate her, the monster, too, becomes
  more educated and disillusioned with humanity.
  Notice his reaction to the lessons of history
• Was man, indeed, at once so powerful, so
  virtuous and magnificent, yet so vicious and
  base?...Oh what a strange nature is knowledge!
• The monsters epiphany He sees that his
  education is both a blessing and a curse. He
  wants a family he recognizes that he is a
  pariah, an outcast with no lovep. 108

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Chapter 14

• Monster provides reader w/ details about DeLacey
  family Mr. DeLacey, Felix, and Agatha are French
  and were once very wealthy.
• Felix, in love with Safie, once tried to save
  Safies father- a social agitator?- from unjust
  imprisonment by the French govt. Her father
  betrays Felix and his family. He never cared they
  were all thrown into prison, became penniless
  trying to save him.
• Safie- yet another example of a passive,
  persecuted female. She strives to be free of her
  oppressive father. She finds her Muslim world
  confining as did her Christian mother, who was
  made a slave by the Turks.

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Chapter 14,15

• Safie- powerful testament to the tensions between
  the Christian and Arab worlds.
• Like the monster, she hopes to find her place in
  the world by acquiring knowledge (language) and
  escaping oppression.
• The monster finds Victors journals and vows to
  find him. Notice his anger at Victor.
• Also, he is desperate for companionship, so he
  works up the nerve to present himself to the
  Delaceys.
• Felix and Agatha are horrified and throw him out.
  Mr. Delacey is blind ?

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Chapter 16

• The DeLaceys abandon their cottage out of fear of
  the monster, which enrages him. He burns the
  cottage to the ground.
• Symbolism of light (knowledge/discovery) and fire
  (dark force/destruction)- Notice that lightness
  and darkness are the first sensations the monster
  experiences.(Genesis)
• The monster encounters William and is delighted
  at the thought of a potential companion. Why did
  he really murder him, though?- He is filled w/
  wrath once he begins to understand he is related
  to Victor.
• Why does he want to frame Justine by placing the
  locket on her person? Why has the monster become
  so twisted?

52
Chapter 17

• The monster increasingly views himself as a
  victim his creator and all those who encounter
  him shape his evil motivations and acts. I am
  malicious because I am miserableAm I not shunned
  and hated by all mankind?
• Narration shifts back to Victor.
• P. 135,6Victor shows some shred of sympathy for
  the monster, especially as the monster requests a
  companion just like himself. Yet he vacillates
  ..
• Victors mixed reaction to nature and family is
  reflective of his inner turmoil.
• Personification of nature Starsyet all are
  about to mock me (p. 138)

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Questions for Review

• Whose death is foreshadowed most strongly in the
  text?
• Elizabethsmy more than sister, since till
  death she was to be mine only.
• Identify literary devices in the following
  Destiny was too potent, and her immutable laws
  had decreed my utter and total destruction.
• How does RW feel about Victor?
• Are the monster and Victor two sides of the same
  coin?
• How is exile, esp, self-imposed exile is a motif?
• How does Victor feel about his own ambition?

54
Chapter 18

• Victor delays his efforts to create a female
  companion.
• He wants to marry Elizabeth, as Alphonse
  suggests, but he fears that the monster may do
  more harm. (foreshadowing). He is reluctant to
  become engaged w/out first finishing his
  creation.
• Clervals reaction to the beauties of nature is
  the antithesis of Victors.
• Yet anthr allusion to Romantic poetry (nature)

55
Chapter 19

• Victor In Clerval I saw the former image of
  myself Victor sees he was once innocently
  inquisitive and joyful as Clerval now is on their
  travels. He refers to himself as Victors
  shadow.
• Doppelganger- (German)- a character double a
  character that reflects the dark, or opposing,
  side of a character. Think of a character being
  divided into two living psychological forces.
  (alter ego)- how is this different from a foil?
• The monster can be interpreted as Victors
  doppelganger. Each has good intentions.Also,
  they are inextricably linked. Ones fate
  determines the others. (Is Henry Victor also
  Vs doppelganger?)

56
Chapters 20 21

• Victor destroys his female creation he fears
  that she will bear offspring. Also, he feels it
  would be selfish to do so.
• The monster in response to Victors broken
  promise I will be with you on your
  wedding-night.
• The monster essentially has framed Victor for the
  murder of Henry Clerval.
• Victor, just as in the case of William and
  Justine, refers to himself as Henrys murderer.
• Mr. Kirwin- the magistrate- like a prosecutor
  or judge
• Victor is acquitted his whereabouts the night of
  the murder are confirmed.

57
Chapters 22 23

• If for one instant, I had thought what might be
  the hellish intention of my fiendish
  adversary.The monster had blinded me to his real
  intentions. Victor misinterpreted the
  monsters threat.
• Victor had planned to tell Elizabeth his secret.
• CLIMAX the murder of Elizabeth.
• Alphonse dies of heartbreak.
• Victor tells the Genevan magistrate his tale, who
  regards it with some incredulity.
• Some irony in Victors words Man how ignorant
  art thou in thy pride of wisdom! p. 191

58
Chapter 24 to end

• Denouement/falling action Victors rage and
  heartbreak following the murder of Elizabeth, his
  pursuit of the monster into the Arctic, Victors
  death, Waltons reclamation of the narration.
• Victor Revenge kept me alive.(Wrath and despair
  are strongly present, too.)
• How does sleep function as a motif? ..
  (Victor)
• RW believes Victors story and sympathizes with
  him.
• Victor to RW Learn my miseries and do not seek
  to increase your own. Victor does sees the
  error of his ways simultaneously, he believes it
  is his destiny to destroy the monster.

59
Chapter 24 to end

• Henry Victor as Victor Walton
• Walton sees a true friend for himself in Victor-
  a glorious spirit Victor states no one can
  replace the lost Henry for him. (feelings are
  not entirely reciprocated). This shows Victors
  obsessive determination to destroy the monster.
• Walton- somewhat of an objective reporter to
  filter Victors account

60
Chapter 24 to end

• Resolution Failure of RWs expedition, death of
  Victor (report of), appearance of monster to RW,
  monster wandering off mournfully
• Situational Irony- contrast between what actually
  happens and what would be expected or
  appropriate
• Victors encouraging RW to continue on w/ his
  expedition despite the dangers presented to him-
  Victor had expressed to RW his desire that RW
  learn from his ambition.
• Has Victor changed? How so? How not?
• Victor wants RW to destroy the monster on his
  behalf.

61
Chapter 24 to end

• Evidence of doppelganger apparent in monsters
  viewing of Victors body
• In his murder my crimes are consummated the
  miserable series of my being is wound to a
  close!
• The fallen angel becomes a malignant devil.
  (allusion to Lucifer)
• The monster seems distraught at Victors death
  and at his own actions. RW finds himself torn.
  The monster wanders off to die he refers to
  death as his only consolation from his crimes.
• Self-imposed exile- a strong motif in the text-
  seen in both Victor and the monster (the latter
  pledges to go into exile if he gets his female
  companion)