By Esther Kim, Anthony Kuo, Ben Chan, and Haana Yu

1
Comparison and Interactions Between China and
Russia

• By Esther Kim, Anthony Kuo, Ben Chan, and Haana Yu

2
Culture in China-Art

• Art- Mostly crafted out of jade, pottery, and
  later bronze during the Shang Dynasty.
• Porcelain was very popular at that time, and
  still is.
• There were also many paintings drawn in China
• Cloisonne, jewelery, tableware, room dividers,
  painted fans were made
• By mid 1700s, special workshops produced
  wallpaper and other stuff according to
  specifications of European merchants

3
Culture in ChinaArt

• Performing Arts- began during the Imperial Era of
  the Yuan Dynasty.
• Opera
• Theater
• Dance

4
Culture in Russia-Art

• Had handsome jewelry, wall hangings, and
  decorated leather items
• Used many animal shapes in their art
• The Chinese used nature and animal shapes in
  their art as well
• Christian Art
• The acceptance of Christianity in 988 AD shaped
  much of the art in Russia through religious art.

5
Culture in China- Architecture

• Imperial Palaces
• Very huge and rich
• Great Wall of China
• Built in the Ming Dynasty
• Started being built around the time of Christ
• The Great Wall concept was revived again during
  the Ming Dynasty, following the Ming army's
  defeat by the Oirats in the the Battle of Tumu in
  1449.

6
Culture in Russia-Architecture

• Many churches were beautifully constructed during
  this time period
• Invented the iconostasis, a carved choir screen
  on which icons are hung.

7
Culture in China-Festivals

• Dragon Boat Festival
• Originating in Ancient China, it was celebrated
  to honor the death of Qu Yuan, a renowned poet
  and minister to the King of Chu in 278 BC.
• As Chu was conquered by Qin, Qu Yuan committed
  suicide on the fifth day of the fifth month by
  drowning himself in the Milou river.
• The local villagers, who admired him, fed the
  fish so that the fish wouldnt eat the body of Qu
  Yuanallowing them to paddle out and retrieve his
  body.
• This marked the beginning of the Dragon Boat
  Festival and it was celebrated with the aim of
  spreading good wishes and happiness.

8
Culture in China-Festivals

• Chinese New Year
• Begins on the first day of the Lunar/Solar New
  Year.
• According to Chinese folk tales, the festival
  started with a fight against Nian (a mythical
  beast). They believed that Nian would not attack
  them, if food was offered to it. Since then,
  Chinese put food in front of their doors on the
  starting day of the festival.

9
Culture in Russia-Festivals

• Maslenitsa
• The equivalent of a Russian Mardi Gras.
• Celebrated the day before Lent.
• Also called the Pancake Week because thats
  what they eat.
• Christian Holidays
• Celebrated Christmas, Lent, Palm Sunday, Good
  Friday, Easter or Paskha, Ascension, Pentecost
  and All Saints Day

10
Culture in China- Martial Arts

• Kung Fu
• A form of Martial Arts where they trained both
  the physical and spiritual body.
• It was a unique combination of art, exercise,
  self-defense, and discipline.
• Tai Chi
• A form of Martial Arts started by the Taoists.

11
Culture in Russia

• Russia had diverse population
• Chinas society was also diverse and this
  diversity grew during the Qing expansion
  (1644-1783)

12
Intellectual-China

• Government Tests
• Started by Confucius 165 BC. Prevalent after his
  death as well.
• In order to get a government position,
  prospective officials were required to take a
  test to get the job.
• The advent of printing books also helped
• the process
• Jesuit Library at Beijing
• Jesuits shared books on technology and
• science with Chinese scholars

13
Intellectual-China

• Common writing systems, language and Confucian
  models connected China
• There were still different dialects
• Writing was also an art form through calligraphy.
• Confucianism modeled daily life
• It was the equivalent of the Christianity in
  Russia.
• Confuciuss life time
• 551478 BC
• Still has a great impact
• in modern China years
• later.

14
Culture-Russia and China

• Hierarchy-China
• Rulers
• Administrators
• Soldiers
• Peasants
• Men were the rulers of the family
• Hierarchy Russia
• Land owners were the most powerful
• Artisanspeople with trade professions
• Serfspeople tied to land as slaves
• Hereditary
• Woman were subordinate to men

15
Intellectual (Politics)China and Europe

• The Europeans learned some political philosophy
  tactics from China.
• Late 1770s poems were supposedly written by
  Emperor Qianlong and translated into French for
  Western Europeans to read
• European intellectuals who were also questioning
  their own political systems found the Chineses
  practical, secular, and compassionate ruler
  intriguing.

16
Intellectual-Russia

• Russia was connected by Religion and a common
  languageRussian.
• Religion was a huge part in the intellectual and
  cultural aspects of Russia.
• Most of the Russians were Christians
• Russian Orthodox Cross

17
Change Over Time

• Comparisons between China and Russia

18
Ming Empire (1500-1644)

• Economic and cultural achievements sustained
  early Ming Empire in 1500s

19
Economy

• Ming manufacturers transformed global economy
  with an international markets consisting of Ming
  porcelain, silk, and lacquered furniture.
• Stimulated commercial development of East Asia,
  Indian Ocean and Europe.
• Growing country lead to rapid growth in silk,
  cotton, and porcelain industries.
• Influx of silver led to substitute payments in
  silver for land taxes, labor obligations, and
  other various dues.
• After 16th century, gained knowledge from
  Europeans of new crops from Africa and America
• No production in rice-growing southern regions
  nor wheat-growing regions in northern region.

20
Silk, Porcelain, Silver, Lacquered Furniture
21
Factors Leading To Decline

• Agricultural distress and great famine fueled
  uprisings and declines in local populations
• Rapid growth of trading economy led to urban
  growth and business speculation.
• Suffered from price inflation caused by silver
• Factories suffered from disorder and inefficiency
• Rising environmental, economic, and
  administrative problems weakened the Ming Empire

22
Decline of Ming Empire

• 1592-1598 Japanese invasion weakened the Ming and
  Chinese defenses in the northeast couldnt stop
  advance of Manchu troops
• Manchu gained control of south China and
  incorporated Taiwan into imperial China.
• Conquered Mongol and Central Asia
• Ming Empire collapsed in 1644

23
Qing Empire (1644-1783)

• Conquered former Ming territories, lower Amur
  River basin, Inner Mongolia, eastern Turkestan,
  and Tibet.
• Grew twice the size of Ming Empire
• 17th and 18th century was a period of great
  economic, military, and cultural achievement in
  China

24

• Encouraged foreign trade
• Increase in overland routes of communication from
  Korea to Central Asia
• Influenced Europeans with culture and knowledge
• Founded variolation, a form of inoculation used
  to spread smallpox
• Chinas population grew three times its size in
  1500
• Gradual adoption of New World crops, such as corn
  and sweet potatoes

25
Empire of the Great Qing
26
Russia

• From 1550, Russia expanded rapidly from eastern
  Europe across northern Asia and North America
• Became one of the major powers by 1750
• Expansion incorporated different cultures,
  languages, ethnicities, and religious beliefs
• Power became centralized
• Civil and foreign war in 16th/17th century caused
  disruption and economic decline
• By 1723, all Russian slaves became serfs, and by
  1729, made up over half the population in Russia.

27
Peter the Great (1689-1725)

• Made major changes to reduce Russias isolation
  and increased empires size and power.
• Strengthen Russian state and increase the power
  of the tsar

28
Catherine the Great (1762-1796)

• Promoted industry and building a canal system to
  improve trade
• Implemented administrative reforms and diplomacy
• Expanded Peters policies of westernizing Russian
  elite

29
Political Similarities

• Land based
• China expanded westward and Russia expanded east,
  west, and south
• Depended on superior numbers and tactics for
  success, rather than technology
• Modern gunpowder revolution of 15th/16th
  century was centered in Ottoman Empire and
  western European states
• By the 18th century, its armies relied on size
  rather than advanced weaponry

30

• China used Confucian models, imperial customs,
  and common system of writing
• Converts to Catholicism helped introduce European
  techniques of crop production and engineering
• Orthodox missionaries encouraged conversion of
  Siberian peoples.
• Roman Catholic Poles incorporated in late 1700s
• Russian language was promoted
• Absorption of new ideas and styles from western
  Europe

31
Cultural, Social, and Economic Similarities

• Expansion of China and Russia both incorporate
  new lands and diverse cultures and people
• Maintained policies which tolerated diversity and
  promoted cultural assimilation
• Hierarchical and oppressive social structures
• Slave plantation societies of the Americas
• Rulers governed with absolute powers and were
  more limited in size of empires, bureaucracy and
  corruption.

32
Differences Over Time

• In 18th century, Europe relied on size rather
  than advanced weaponry
• Constructed fleets of warships in Baltic and
  Black Seas
• Approached people with tolerance and superior
  ways and beliefs
• Absorption of new ideas and styles from western
  Europe

• China used small war junks armed with only
  half-dozen cannon
• Did not develop navies with size and coastlines
• Used Confucian models, imperial customs and a
  common system of writing to transcend differences
• Governments conducted diplomatic and strategic
  missions
• Restricted overseas trade

33
Ming China

• European merchants bought large amounts of
  porcelain (became known as china)
• New World crops introduced by European merchants

34
China and the Manchu

• The Manchu quickly assimilated Chinese customs
  (i.e. Confucianism) after they came into power
• Emperor Kangxi studied Chinese, Manchu, and
  Mongolian culture and promoted cultural tolerance

35
Europe and China

• Europeans slowly gained trading rights with
  China, mainly by negotiation and observing
  Chinese ritual practices (kowtowing)
• Jesuit, Franciscan, and Dominican missionaries
  spread Christianity throughout China
• Jesuits obtained high positions due to their
  influence over the Chinese elite
• Jesuits transferred European techniques in
  manufacturing, mapmaking, and medicine
• Jesuits revised their teachings to accommodate
  for Confucian beliefs

36
Chinese Influence on Europe

• New medicinal practices were brought to Europe
  from China
• Chinese products, such as silk, tea, and
  porcelain, were in high demand in Europe
• Europeans admired Chinese emperors, especially
  Kangxi

37
Russia

• Exchange of culture took place across border with
  China
• Asian languages spread through rural Russia
• Peter the Great traveled through Europe and
  adapted Russian society and culture to that of
  Europes (trade and tolerance)

38
Citations

• http//www.buzzle.com/articles/ancient-chinese-cul
  ture.html
• http//www.russiansabroad.com/russian_history_148.
  html
• http//aglobalworld.com/orthodox-calendar/russian-
  orthodox-observances.php
• http//www.russia-ic.com/news/show/1923/
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_ChinaH
  istory
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConfucianismGovernan
  ce