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Dr Devendra PANDEY

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Title: Dr Devendra PANDEY


1
Status issues of the World Forests
MCT course of IFS officers -Phase IV Indira
Gandhi National Forest Academy , Dehradun 26
June 2013
  • Dr Devendra PANDEY
  • Fmr DG, Forest Survey of India
  • Fmr PCCF and Prl Secretary Forests, Arunachal
    Pradesh
  • Email ID dpandeyifs_at_rediffmail
    pandeyd30_at_gmail.com

2
OVERVIEW OF WORLDs FORESTS RESOURCE
  • The interest in the worlds forests has grown
    due to awareness of their role in the global
    carbon cycle
  • Mitigates climate change by reducing C
    emission due to deforestation and forest
    degradation and increasing C stock due to
    afforestation, conservation and SFM.
  • Role of forest in conserving biodiversity and
    providing livelihood support for a large
    proportion of population has received prominence
    .

3
OVERVIEW OF WORLDs FORESTS RESOURCE
  • FAO of UN assesses world forest resource
    systematically and comprehensively every 5 years.
    Latest is of 2010.
  • There are other agencies like JRC of European
    Commission, USGS, WRI etc. NOW China has also
    joined the race.
  • FAO considers 7 thematic elements of SFM
  • -extent of forest resource
  • -forest biological diversity
  • -forest health and vitality
  • -productive function, -protective function
  • -socio-economic functions and legal policy and
    institutional framework

4
OVERVIEW OF WORLDS FOREST RESOURCE
  • Worlds total forest in 2010 was about 4 billion
    ha or 31 of land area per capita forests was
    0.6 ha
  • The five most forest rich countries constitute
    53
  • i. Russia 809 mn ha
  • ii. Brazil 520 mn ha
  • iii. Canada- 310 mn ha
  • iv.USA - 304 mn ha
  • v. China- 207 mn ha
  • Other countries in hierarchy are
  • vi. DR Congo- 154 mn ha vii. Australia- 149 mn
    ha
  • viii. Indonesia- 94 mn ha ix. Sudan 70 mn ha
  • x. India - 68 mn ha

5
OVERVIEW OF WORLDS FOREST RESOURCE
  • Around 13 million ha of forests were annually
    lost during 2000- 2010, mostly in tropical
    countries for agriculture other purpose
  • The major loss has occurred in Brazil and
    Indonesia. About 4 million ha was lost in South
    America and 3.4 million ha in Africa
  • The net loss of forests has slowed down from 16
    million ha per year during 1990-2000
  • There is overall increase of forests in Asian
    region mainly due to large scale afforestation
    efforts of China
  • The net loss of forests is 5.2 million ha

6
OVERVIEW OF WORLDs FOREST RESOURCE
  • In Europe the status of forests is stable over
    the last 20 years, forest area extended but the
    focus of management shifted from productive to
    conservation
  • About 13 of the world forests are legally
    established as PAs
  • About 1 of the worlds forests are annually
    affected due to forest fire ( MODIS data) but
    affected area is severely under reported
    specially in Africa
  • In North America (USA and Canada) and in Russia
    there is a significant loss of forests due to
    forest fires and insects and pests.
  • Annual wood removal is about 3.4 billion m3 of
    which 43 constitute wood-fuel.

7
A New Independent Remote Sensing Survey by
FAO Design
Systematic sample of 10 km x 10 km, satellite
image extracts at each 1-degree intersection of
latitude and longitude. About 13,000 samples
excluding no data sites. Globally, equivalent to
a 1 percent sample of the Earths land surface.
The Landsat provides global coverage and a long
time-series of acquisitions suitable for the
detection of changes in tree cover. Majority of
imageries were provided by USGS for 1990, 2000
2005.
8
A New Independent Remote Sensing Survey
  • Partners FAO, USGS, JRC of European Commission
    and South Dakota University USA supported by
    countries.
  • Launched in 2008 and took almost 4 years to
    complete
  • Enhanced capacity in countries for monitoring,
    assessing and reporting on forests and land use
    changes

9
A new Independent Remote Sensing Survey by FAO
10
Distribution of Sample plots
11
Distribution of sample points, pantropics, RSS
2000
12
These results slightly differ from FRA
13
Results of the Global RS Survey
  • Results differ from FAO FRA assessments
  • Worldwide, the gross reduction in forests
  • -9.5 mn ha per year between 1990 and 2000 and
  • -13.5 million ha per year between 2000 and 2005.
  • Reduction partially offset by gains due to
    afforestation and expansion of natural forest
  • -6.8 million ha per year between 1990 and 2000
    and
  • -7.3 million ha per year between 2000 and 2005.
  • There is a net increase in boreal, temperate and
    sub-tropical forests and net loss in tropical
    forests

14
Snow covered Boreal forests of Siberia -Russia
15
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16
Distribution of boreal forests- Mostly in
Canada, Alaska, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway
17
Key issues of the World forests
  • (source State of Worlds Forests 2011, FAO)
  • Regional trends on forest resources (extent)
  • The development of the sustainable forest
    industries
  • Climate change adaption and mitigation
  • Local values of forests for sustaining livelihood
    of local communities including non-cash value of
    forests

18
  • Dynamics of carbon stock in forest ecosystem is
    the most robust parameter for climate change
    mitigation.
  • Measurement of C- stock of forests and its
    dynamics over a period has become the priority
    activity.
  • Capacity of most of the developing countries has
    be to built in this area specially for
    implementation of REDD mechanism major
    challenge

19
Global Overview of C-Stock in forests (source
FAO, FRA 2010 of 233 Countries /territories)-
reliability level
  • 180 countries reported on carbon in tree/woody
    biomass
  • 72 countries included deadwood and
  • 124 countries litter mostly default values (2.1
    t/ha)
  • 121 countries reported on soil carbon mostly the
    default values as provided in the IPCC 2006
    guidelines.
  • For filling the gaps for remaining countries and
    areas, FAO estimated carbon stocks by taking the
    sub-regional averages per hectare and multiplying
    these by the respective forest areas.

20
Global Overview of C-Stock in forests (source
FAO, FRA 2010)
  • Total C- stock in forest ecosystem 652
    billion tones
  • C-stock in total biomass (all four pools) 360
    billion tones
  • C- stock in soil 292 billion
    tones
  • C- stock per ha forest ecosystem 162 tones
  • C- stock per ha in biomass 90 tones
  • C- stock per ha in soil 72 tones
  • 44 in live biomass, 11 in deadwood and 45 in
    soil
  • During 2005-10 C stock in forest biomass
    decreased
  • by 0.5Gt per year.

21
Five World Heritage Forest sites having highest C
density in biomass
  • (based on review of Biomass/carbon of 56 country
    reports)
  • Redwood National and State Parks of USA -573 t/ha
    (SOM 52 t/ha)
  • Olympic National Park of USA -419 t/ha (SOM 96
    t/ha)
  • Te Wahipounamu South West New Zealand 253 t/ha
    (SOM 65 t/ha)
  • Central Suriname Reserve of Suriname -227 t/ha
  • (SOM 47 t/ha)
  • Tongariro National Park of New Zealand -208 t/ha
  • (SOM 65 t/ha)

22
Level of variability in C stock in forests
  • High variability in C stock in biomass 16 to
    573 t/ ha
  • (high C density is found in West coast of
    USA/Canada in oceanic forests part and also in
    Redwood Olympic NP USA)
  • Low variability in C stock of soil 25-132
    t/ha
  • ( high SOM lies in sub-tropical humid and
    temperate oceanic forests of Australia, tropical
    moist deciduous forests of Brazil, Lake Baikal,
    Virgin Komi Forests in boreal mountain forests of
    Russian federation)

23
STATUS OF INDIAs FOREST
  • India is among the few countries to have
    comprehensive operational system of forest cover
    monitoring
  • In addition to forest cover, tree cover (tree
    groves less than 1 ha in area) is also estimated
  • FSI undertakes these activities for the country
    biennially using remote sensing technology and
    results published in India State of Forest Report
    .
  • Twelve Reports (last in 2011) have been
    published so far

24
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25
Indias Forest Resource
26
OVERVIEW OF INDIAs FOREST RESOURCE
  • Area under different Forest types as per
    Champion Seth (1968) classificaton as verified
    by latest study by FSI
  • It has been found that broadly, about
  • 17 Tropical Evergreen / semi evergreen
    category,
  • 20 Tropical Moist Deciduous,
  • 42 Tropical Dry Deciduous,
  • 2.3 Tropical Thorn,
  • 5.7 Subtropical Pine and about
  • 8 Himalayan Temperate category.

27
OVERVIEW OF INDIAs FOREST RESOURCE
  • National Forest Inventory (NFI) is also done to
    by laying sample plots on the ground but NFI is
    least publicized and discussed by media and
    others including academia
  • About 4000 sample plots are laid systematically
    in selected about 30 districts of the country
    each year
  • Assessment of Tree outside forests (TOF) resource
    is part of this activity
  • Growing stock of wood in forests and TOF,
    biomass, carbon stock , bamboo resource are
    results of NFI

28
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29
OVERVIEW OF INDIAs FOREST RESOURCE
  • Annual Timber production
  • ( source Forest Sector Report of India, ICFRE
    -2012)
  • Forests 2.5 million m3
  • TOF 44.5 million m3
  • Imported 6.0 million m3

30
Carbon stocks in Indias forests
(Million tonnes)
Component Carbon Stock in forest land in 1994 Carbon stock in forest land in 2004 Net change in Carbon stock
Above Ground Biomass 1784 2101 317
Below Ground Biomass 563 663 100
Dead wood 19 25 6
Litter 104 121 17
Soil 3601 3753 152
Total 6071 6663 592
31
Trend of Indias Forest resource
  • The total forest cover of the country is either
    stable or marginally increased
  • There is no reliable data to comment on the
    degradation status of the forests at the
    national level.
  • Per capita forest declined to 0.06 ha due to
    increased population. Comparing with USA, Indias
    geographic area is almost 1/3rd of the USA
    whereas the population is 4 times, thus
    population density is 12 times.
  • Tree outside forests have become the major source
    of wood production in the country

32
THANK YOU
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