AKS 40: Japan and China

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AKS 40Japan and China

• Chapter 19.2 and 19.3 Pages 536-547

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Essential Questions for AKS 40

• 40A- Explain how political (government) and
  social (class) changes transformed Chinese and
  Japanese society from the 1600s to 1850s.
• 40B- How does population growth affect social
  structure? (academic must use China as an
  example and gif/hon can use China and come up
  with another example)

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What did China look like under the Ming Dynasty
(1368 1644)
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What did China look like under the Ming Dynasty
(1368 1644)

• Brought peace and prosperity to China after
  driving out the Mongols
• Achievements
• Set up nationwide school system
• Began construction of new Imperial City in
  Beijing (Forbidden City)
• Conducted the Zheng He voyages
• Policy of isolation

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What did China look like under the Ming Dynasty
(1368 1644)

• Ming Dynasty on the Decline
• Bad harvest,
• high taxes,
• incompetent leaders, and
• corrupt government led to the fall of this mighty
  dynasty and paved the way for the Manchu

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What did China look like under the Qing Dynasty?
(1644-1905)
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What did China look like under the Qing Dynasty?
(1644-1905)

• Qing Dynasty founded by Manchus (from
  Manchuria) many Chinese resisted
• Rebellions flared up periodically for decades
• To make it easier to identify the rebels, the
  Manchu ordered all men to adopt Manchu dress and
  hairstyles. All Chinese males were to shave
  their foreheads and braid their hair into a
  pigtail called a queue. Those who refused were
  killed
• Manchus slowly earned respect
• Upheld Chinas traditional Confucian beliefs
• Gave Chinese most of the lower government
  positions
• Made frontiers safe restored prosperity

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What did China look like under the Qing Dynasty?
(1644-1905)

• In order to preserve their distinct identity
  within Chinese society, the Manchus (1 of
  population) were defined legally as distinct from
  everyone else in china.
• Marriages between Manchu and Chinese were barred.
  
• Manchu nobility maintained large landholdings and
  received revenues from the state treasury
• Other Manchus were organized into separate
  military units called banners. The bannermen
  were the chief fighting force of the empire.

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Qing DynastyKangxi (1661-1722)

• Reduced govt expenses, lowered taxes
• Gained support of intellectuals by offering them
  govt positions
• Jesuits told him of European achievements in
  science, medicine, and math
• patron of the arts
• Why? to further solidify Manchu power in China

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Qing DynastyIsolation Continues

• Only the government was allowed to trade with
  foreign countries.
• Those that wished to trade w/ China had to follow
  certain rules
• Trade at special ports
• Tribute
• Kowtow ritual (kneeling before emperor
  touching head to ground 9 times)

There is nothing we lack, as your principal
envoy and others have themselves observed. We
have never set much store on strange or ingenious
objects, nor do we need any more of your
countrys manufactures. - Qian-Long, from a
letter to King George III of Great Britain
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Qing DynastyIsolation Continues

• British petition the Chinese to trade in 1793,
  but refused to kowtow. They were denied trading
  privileges in China
• The Chinese were self-sufficient and did not need
  the British

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Qing DynastyCultural Developments

• Based mainly on traditional forms
• Valued technique over creativity
• Pottery high-quality ceramics (porcelain)
• Drama popular b/c literacy rates were low
• Focused on Chinese history cultural heroes

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Causes of Population Increase

• Agriculture Improved -irrigation fertilizer use
  ?
• Farmers produced more food
• Nutrition improved ? new crops corn and sweet
  potatoes (Europe)
• People lived longer, families expanded

Columbian Exchange
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Impact on Social StructureQing China

• Sons Favored
• Only sons allowed to perform religious rituals
• Raised his own family under parents roof - help
  aging parents on farm
• Were the ticket to wealth through the examination
  system
• Neat fact the exam took three days where
  students worked uninterrupted for that time
  period. If you died during the exam they would
  wrap your body and throw it over the walls of the
  facility
• Females are not valued many infants girls
  killed

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Impact on Social StructureQing China

• Sons Favored
• Only sons allowed to perform religious rituals
• Raised his own family under parents roof - help
  aging parents on farm
• Were the ticket to wealth through the examination
  system
• Neat fact the exam took three days where
  students worked uninterrupted for that time
  period. If you died during the exam they would
  wrap your body and throw it over the walls of the
  facility
• Females not valued many infants girls killed

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Impact on Social StructureQing China

• Role of Women

• Worked in fields, supervised childrens
  education, managed family finances
• Subjected to the authority of men.
• Some found jobs working as midwives or textile
  workers

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Impact on Social StructureQing China

• Role of Women

• During Ming and Qing dynasties widows were
  discouraged to remarry and those who committed
  suicide following their spouse to the grave
  received posthumous pos-chuh-muh s honors
• Women could not get a divorce, but men could set
  aside a wife for not producing an offspring,
  adultery, theft, disobedience to her husbands
  family, or even being too talkative.
• Foot binding
• Originated during the Song Dynasty
• Popular amongst the wealthy classes, since it
  demonstrated an ability to support women who
  could not perform physical labor.
• Commoners sometimes did it to especially pretty
  girls in hopes of arranging favorable marriages
  that would enhance the familys social standing.

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What did I just say?

• What was Chinas official trading policy?
• What group established the Qing Dynasty?
• Why did Manchu emperors take a Chinese name for
  their dynasty and uphold Chinese traditions?
• Why did China refuse to trade with the British?
  With which European country did the Chinese
  trade?
• What was the effect of population growth in
  China?
• After the questions, please work on your AKS 40
  section 19.2 worksheet. It is due tomorrow.

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unscramble

• Unscramble these words

• Match the clue with the unscrambled word on the
  left

• Stalionsoim
• Chumasn
• Twowok
• cuthd slearndenth
• verngemont scloiffia
• prescet

• They were allowed to trade with foreign
  governments
• The British did not gain trading privileges in
  China because they refused to do what?
• They established the Qing Dynasty, which took
  rule after the fall of the Ming.
• Chinas foreign policy
• The Qing Dynasty upheld Chinas traditional
  Confucian beliefs, gave the Chinese most of the
  lower government positions, made frontiers safe,
  restored prosperity in an effort to gain
  ___________ from the Chinese people
• They followed Chinese trading protocol and were
  the European nations that gained trade privileges
  in China.

• Answers
• Isolationism D
• Manchus C
• Kowtow B
• Dutch Netherlands F
• Government officials A
• Respect E

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Geography of Japan
Japan is a series of islands off the coasts of
Korea China
Like Greece, Japan was divided by mountains had
few areas for farming
Before 400 A.D., Japan was not a unified nation
but was ruled by hundreds of different family
clans
Japans island location provided protection from
Chinese Mongol invasions
but Japan was close enough to borrow cultural
ideas from China
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Japans isolation gave rise to a unique Japanese
culture, most specifically the Shinto religion
Shinto is a polytheistic religion based on the
respect of nature ancestor worship
Shinto worshipers believed in divine spirits
called kami that live in nature
The most important of the Shinto gods is the sun
goddess who gave light to the world
Amaterasu Sun Goddess
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As Japan had more contact with Asia, it adopted
Chinese culture ideas
Japan adopted the Chinese idea of an emperor
rule by dynasties The first Japanese emperor was
said to have descended from the sun goddess
Unlike China, Japanese emperors often did not
have power over clan leaders Japan often had an
emperor figurehead a clan ruler with true power
Japan tried, but failed, to model the Chinese
examination system for govt officials
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Japan adopted Confucianism blended Chinese
styles of writing, architecture, art
Chinese landscape art
Chinese architecture
Japanese architecture
Chinese writing
Japanese writing
Japanese landscape art
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In the mid-700s Buddhism was introduced in Japan
from China Korea
Buddhism was accepted by Japanese emperors, but
in Japanese society, Buddhism Shinto blended
An example of religious blending was Zen
Buddhism
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Classical Japan during the Heian Period
From 794-1185, Japan entered a classical era
during the Heian Period

• ?

During this time, the imperial govt was strong
Japan experienced an era of peace and
prosperity
Japan developed a golden age in poetry, art,
literature
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Japanese Feudalism
By the mid-1000s, the imperial govt grew weak,
regional landowners gained power, Japan became
lawless dangerous

• ?

Outlaws attacked farmers pirates attacked the
coast
Rival clans competed for power threw Japan into
a series of civil wars
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Quick Class DiscussionBased on these images,
how were Japanese European feudal systems
similar?
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Japanese Feudalism
As a result, Japan developed a feudal system
Farmers traded land to strong warlords called
daimyo who offered protection
Daimyo were served by loyal warriors called
samurai
The emperor had little power
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Japanese Feudalism
Samurai warriors were usually relatives or
dependents of daimyo, although some were hired
warriors called Ronin
Samurai warriors lived by a code of Bushido which
demanded courage, loyalty, deity, fairness,
honor
Samurai were skilled swordsmen, but also used
horses guns (after the arrival of Europeans)
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Japanese Feudalism
In 1192, the first shogun was named by the emperor

• Text

The emperor remained in place, but the shogun
held real power ruled as military dictators
Shoguns power varied over time, but the pattern
of govt controlled by a shogun lasted until
1867
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Japanese Feudalism (5.14)
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Closure Activity

• Who were the military leaders, landowners,
  warriors in medieval Europe feudal Japan?
• How were they alike?
• How were they different?

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Closure Activity
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Japan before the Tokugawa Shogunate

• Japan
• 1467-1568 Warring States Local lords
  (Daimyo), were fighting each other for power
• Daimyo heads of noble families, warlords

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Japan before the Tokugawa Shogunate

• Europeans reached Japan
• The first European (Portuguese) ships arrived in
  Japan in 1543.
• They acquired tobacco, clocks, eyeglasses, etc.
  from Europeans
• Japanese merchants traded silks for muskets
  (guns) from the Portuguese.
• New technology makes the samurai obsolete.
• Catholic missionaries-for almost 90 years,
  Catholic missionaries traveled freely in Japan
  and learned many things about Japanese culture.

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Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582)
Rule the empire by force. - Oda
Nobunaga

• ended the warring states period
• Wanted to eliminate remaining enemies
• 1575 Nobunagas 3,000 soldiers armed w/ muskets
  crushed enemy forces of samurai cavalry
• 1st time firearms had been used effectively in
  battle in Japan
• Committed seppuku (ritual suicide of samurai)
  after a general turned on him

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vigC3GY2vc4I

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Tokugawa Shogunate (military govt)Tokugawa
Ieyasu (1603-1616)

• Unites Japan after defeating his rivals at Battle
  of Sekigahara
• 1603 Became sole ruler (shogun)
• Moved capital to Edo (later Tokyo)
• Enacted policies that resulted in the rule of law
  overcoming the rule of the sword
• Controlled daimyo through the alternate
  attendance policy
• Definition
• Brought peace and stability

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Tokugawa JapanPolicy of Isolation

• 1639 Shoguns realized that they could safely
  exclude both missionaries and merchants
• They implemented the closed country policy to
  control foreign ideas
• The Tokugawa Bakufu feared that Christianity
  could serve as a cultural bridge for alliances
  between daimyo and Europeans.
• Converts ignored Japanese cultural beliefs and
  laws.
• Missionaries and converts were tortured and
  killed by crucifixion or burning at the stake. In
  1612 Christianity was banned and all citizens
  were forced to practice Buddhism
• Christianity barely survived as a secret religion
• Sealed Japans borders, except Nagasaki (Dutch)
• Commercial contacts w/ Euro. ended
• 200 years Japan remained closed citizens
  could not leave
• Continued to develop self-sufficiently
• After 1720 the ban on foreign books was lifted,
  and the elite were able to study European
  medicine, and science

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Tokugawa JapanPolicy of Isolation

• Effects
• caused Japan to fall behind in science,
  technology and military power
• gave Japan a long period of peace and stability
• Japanese culture was rich and creative

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Tokugawa JapanPolicy of Isolation

• Effects
• Many farmers leave the country to go to the city
  to become merchants and lead a better life
• Farmers bore the heaviest tax burden
• 1700s Japan moves toward an urban society
  (urbanization)
• trade and industry flourish,
• banking on the rise,
• paper money became the norm,
• Japanese merchant class emerged and began to play
  a significant role in the life of the Japanese
  nation.

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Tokugawa JapanCultural Developments

• Traditional culture thrived
• New types of fiction began to emerge realistic
  stories about self-made merchants or hardships of
  life
• Haiku type of poetry that presented images
  rather than ideals
• Kabuki theater skits about modern life

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Causes of Population Increase

• Agriculture Improved -irrigation fertilizer use
  ?
• Farmers produced more food
• Nutrition improved ? new crops corn and sweet
  potatoes (Europe)
• People lived longer, families expanded

Columbian Exchange
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Impact on Social StructureTokugawa Japan

• Societal Structure
• Emperor top rank (figurehead only)
• Actual ruler was shogun military commander
• Daimyo landholding samurai
• Samurai warriors
• Peasants (4/5 of population) Artisans
• Confucius taught that land was the source of
  everything praiseworthy
• Produce food
• Merchants
• at the bottom because they profit off the labor
  of others

Confucian values important
Farmers made ideal citizens
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Impact on Social StructureTokugawa Japan

• Once Japan was stable, interest of Tokugawa
  authorities was to reduce the numbers of armed
  professional warriors,
• so they pushed daimyo and samurai to become
  bureaucrats and government functionaries.
• Also as a result of increased farmers due to the
  population boom there was a surplus of rice.
• As the samurai and daimyo lost their place in
  society, many of the ruling elite also fell into
  financial difficulty due to the low prices of
  rice and their extravagant lifestyles.
• Some ultimately fell into poverty
• Merchants, on the other hand prospered. Rice
  dealers, pawnbrokers, and sake merchants soon
  controlled more wealth than the ruling elites.
• Some even purchased elite ranks

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Impact on Social StructureTokugawa Japan

• Japanese families practiced population control in
  order to maintain or raise their standard of
  living.
• Contraception, late marriage, and abortion all
  played roles in limiting population growth, but
  the principle control was infanticide.
• Japanese families resorted to these measures
  primarily because Japan was land poor.

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Impact on Social StructureTokugawa Japan

• Role of Women
• Inferior
• W/ rise of commercial centers, found jobs in
  entertainment, textile manufacturing,
  publishing
• Most led sheltered lives as peasant wives

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Did ya get it?

• What type of government was the Tokugawa
  Shogunate?
• Who was Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu? What
  did they accomplish?
• What is Seppuku?
• Why did the Tokugawa shoguns implement the
  closed country policy? How did the closed
  country policy strengthen the Tokugawa shoguns?
• Who were the daimyo? How did Ieyasu control the
  daimyo?

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unscramble

• Unscramble these words

• Match the clue with the unscrambled word on the
  left

• Sloced crontuy clyoip
• doa boganuna
• pekupus
• Tareleant tantecened clyoip
• Twogakua naoshuget
• Yodaim

• First person to use firearms successfully in
  battle and he ended the warring states period.
• How the Shogunate was able to control the
  Japanese equivalent to nobles in Japan.
• He unified Japan
• The military government in Japan
• This was imposed to limit the influence of
  foreigners. The effects of it were a rich
  Japanese culture and that they fell behind in
  technology.
• Land holding samurai
• Ritual suicide performed by the samurai.

• Answers
• E
• A
• G
• B
• D
• F

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